This page provides a partial snapshot of the various resources, organizations, and groups that make up the AI ecosystem in Europe. It focusses mainly on the entities that are the result of the policies of the European Commission and the associated strategies to implement these policies.

The term ecosystem is much over-used, but in this case it is justified in that there is a network of self-sustaining, mutually-supporting, and mutually-dependent bodies, all concerned with the implementation of Europe's strategy for research, development, and innovation (RDI) in human-centric, sustainable, secure, inclusive, and trustworthy AI.

What appears below is effectively a directory of entities (networks, projects, digital innovation hubs, AI factories, testing and evaluation facilities ... ) and their activities. It is important to realize that this presentation therefore omits the key links between the various entities (with one or two exceptions). These links are essential: without them, there is no system, much less an ecosystem.

In the final section, [[#Interconnections | Interconnections]], I try to capture these links by indicating, very briefly, how the various entities work together.

[[File:new.jpg]] '''For a comprehensive catalogue of entities in the European AI ecosystem, see the [https://adr-association.eu/mapping-tool Mapping Tool] on the [https://adr-association.eu/ Adra] (AI, Data, and Robotics Association) website. In particular, download the [https://adr-association.eu/sites/default/files/2025-06/ADRA_T21.xlsm mapping file], an Excel spreadsheet that allows you to identify subsets of over 850 entities by applying filters to each of the fields. This mapping tool was created by the [https://adra-e.eu/ Adra-e] project.'''

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[[File:new.jpg]] signifies a recently added item

== The AI Act ==
[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-on-the-proposal-for-an-ai-act/ HumanE-AI-net website]) 
[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/second-tutorial-on-the-ai-act/ Second Tutorial on the AI Act] prepared by [https://lsts.research.vub.be/gianmarco-gori Giancarlo Gori], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the AI Act for human-centric AI. 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence] Overview of the AI Act from the European Parliament 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/the-time-to-ai-act-is-now-a-practical-guide-to-the-ai-ac The Time to (AI) Act is Now: A Practical Guide to the AI Act] by William Fry, Irish corporate law firm 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_1683 Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers] European Commission 
[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/05/26/why-we-decided-to-relocate-the-headquarters-of-our-ai-company-from-the-us-to-ireland/ Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland]
An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of [https://partsol.com/ Partsol] (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here]) 
[https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/eu-ai-act-irish-innovation-regulation-us-partsol Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation] 

== European Commission Documents ==

[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:237:FIN Artificial Intelligence for Europe] 2018 
[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:795:FIN Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence] 2018 
[https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=60419 Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI] 2019 
[https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust] 2020 White Paper 
[https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-european-strategy-data-19feb2020_en.pdf A European Strategy for Data] 2020 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/assessment-list-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-altai-self-assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for self-assessment] 2020 
[https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC120399/jrc120399_misuraca-ai-watch_public-services_30062020_def.pdf AI Watch - Artificial Intelligence in Public Services] 2020 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence 2021 Review]; see pp. 19-20 regarding the networks of AI excellence centres and the AI lighthouse 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence European approach to artificial intelligence] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-ai-research European research development and deployment of AI] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/apply-ai Apply AI Strategy] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/industrial-research-and-innovation/artificial-intelligence-ai-science_en Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Science] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52025DC0724&qid=1762332390557 A European Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in Science: Paving the way for the Resource for AI Science in Europe (RAISE)] 2025 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.coe-raise.eu/ Resource for AI Science in Europe (RAISE)] 

== European Commission Services ==

[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office European AI Office] 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-ai-alliance European AI Alliance] 
[https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/ai-watch_en AI Watch] 

== Public Private Partnerships (PPP) ==
===Adra===
[https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/bmr-2022/ec_rtd_bmr-2022-ai-data-and-robotics-fiche.pdf European Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, Data and Robotics], in which [https://adr-association.eu/ Adra], the AI, Data and Robotics Association, is the private side of the partnership. 
* [https://adr-association.eu/srida SRIDA] Adra's Strategic Research Innovation and Deployment Agenda: 4th Edition 2025-2027 

===Adra-e===
[https://adr-association.eu/ Adra] is supported by the [https://adra-e.eu/ Adra-e] project. 

== Associations ==
===euRobotics===
[https://www.eu-robotics.net/ European Association for Robotics] 
*[https://eu-robotics.net/wp-content/uploads/euRobotics-A-Unified-Vision-for-European-Robotics-Dec2024-web.pdf A Unified Vision for European Robotics] A Strategy for Innovation, Growth and Societal Impact 
*[https://eu-robotics.net/artificial-intelligence-and-cognition-in-robotics-aicor/ AICoR] the euRobotics Topic Group on AI and Cognition in Robotics 

===BVDA===
[https://www.bdva.eu/ Big Data Value Association] 
===CAIRNE (formerly CLAIRE)===
[https://claire-ai.org/ Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe] CLAIRE, now known as [https://cairne.eu/ CAIRNE] 
===ELLIS===
[https://ellis.eu/ European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems] 
===EurAI===
[https://www.eurai.org/ European Association for Artificial Intelligence] 

== Networks of AI Excellence Centres ==

[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/towards-vibrant-european-network-ai-excellence Towards a vibrant European network of AI excellence] 


=== VISION Coordination and Support Action (CSA) ===
[https://www.vision4ai.eu/ VISION]: Value and Impact through Synergy, Interaction & coOperation of Networks of AI Excellence Centres Building on the success and organisation of [https://claire-ai.org/ CLAIRE] and [https://www.ai4europe.eu/ AI4Europe]"
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/ About VISION]:
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/project-2/ The Project]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/objectives/ The Objectives]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/partners/ The Partners]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/bodies-sc-eb-iab-isb/ Project Organization]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/deliverables/ Deliverables]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/contacts/ Contacts]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/community/ Community]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/community/posters/ Posters] by the four ICT48 Networks of AI Excellence Centres: AI4Media, ELISE, HumanE-AI-net, TAILOR
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/activities/ Activities]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/aida/ International AI Doctoral Academy (AIDA)]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/tdw/ Theme Development Workshops]
*** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/ai-in-the-public-sector/ AI in the Public Sector] 7 & 9 September 2021
*** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/future-mobility-value-of-data-trust-in-ai/ Future Mobility - Value of Data & Trust in AI] 28 October 2021
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/ict-48-1-workshop/ First ICT-48 Community Workshop] 30 June 2021
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision-for-ai-2021/ Vision for AI 2021] 22 April 2021.
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/news/ News]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/talk/ Mattermost Communication Platform]
** [https://talk.vision4ai.eu Mattermost Login]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mattermost-User-Guide.pdf User Guide for the Mattermost Installation]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Joint-SRA_AI-data-and-robotics-made-in-Europe-Research-agendas-from-the-European-AI-and-robotics-Networks-of-Excellence.pdf Joint Strategic Research Agenda (SRA)]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/noes-videos/ Promotional videos of all European AI Networks of Excellence Centres (NoEs)] 
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/aiod-seminar-series/ AIoD Seminar Series 2024] 

===AI4Media===
[https://www.ai4media.eu/ AI4Media] targets the Media, Society and Democracy 
* About the network: [https://www.ai4media.eu/project-overview/ Project Overview], [https://www.ai4media.eu/action-plan/ Action Plan], [https://www.ai4media.eu/consortium/ Consortium], [https://www.ai4media.eu/associate-members/ Associate Members], [https://youtu.be/yzle4v6_pf0 Video], [https://www.ai4media.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AI4Media-Methodology-in-a-nutshell.pdf Methodology in an Nutshell graphic]
* Results: [https://www.ai4media.eu/observatory/ Observatory], [https://www.ai4media.eu/use-cases/ Use Cases], [https://www.ai4media.eu/public-reports/ Public Reports], [https://www.ai4media.eu/scientific-papers/ Scientific Papers]
* Media: [https://www.ai4media.eu/events/ Events], [https://www.ai4media.eu/news/ News and Articles], [https://www.ai4media.eu/newsletters/ Newsletters]
* [https://www.ai4media.eu/open-calls/ Open Calls]
* Mobility: [https://www.ai4media.eu/junior-fellows-program/ Junior Fellows Exchange Program], [https://www.ai4media.eu/mobility-matchmaking/ Mobility Matchmaking]
* [https://www.i-aida.org/ AIDA - AI Doctoral Academy]

===ELISE===

[https://www.elise-ai.eu/ ELISE] targets data-driven machine learning, in coordination with the [https://ellis.eu/ ELLIS Society] (European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems)
* Research: [https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f55e90f6a7294f66f94d30d/609a39235e25e3d64bb65053_ELISE-strategic-research-agenda-web.pdf Strategic Research Agenda] May 2021 (45 pages), [https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f55e90f6a7294f66f94d30d/609b99f584dc7e2db5c314d5_ELISE%20SRA%20-%20press%20release%20-%20May%202021.pdf Press release]
* Collaboration: [https://www.elise-ai.eu/work/industry Open Calls for SMEs]
* Mobility: for [https://www.elise-ai.eu/work/researcher-mobility Experienced Researchers]
* Education: [https://ellis.eu/phd-postdoc ELLIS Ph.D. and Post-doc Program]
* Structure: [https://www.elise-ai.eu/organizing-nodes Network Organization]
* Communications: [https://www.elise-ai.eu/news-events News and Events]

===HumanE-AI-net===
[https://www.humane-ai.eu/ HumanE-AI-net]: European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/vision/ Vision]
* [https://youtu.be/HZWQOyddBBc Overview video]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/workpackages/ Workpackages]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/deliverables/ Deliverables]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/humaneai-people/ People]: My blue sky project for AI in Europe is ...]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/partners/ Partners], of which there are fifty-three
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/blog/ Blog]: sixteen videos of people's answers to the question "What is your opinion on Human-centred Artificial Intelligence"
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/videos/ Videos]: HumaneAI promotional video (one video), Debate and presentations (two videos), Perspectives on HumaneAI and blue sky projects (forty-eight videos)
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/news/ News Items]
* Testbeds
** [https://humane-ai.dice.aalto.fi/ Collaborative AI Arena] Benchmarking collaborative capabilities of AI in the wild
** [https://truereason.app/chat TrueReason AI Tutor Demo]
* Research: [https://www.humane-ai.eu/research-roadmap/ Research Roadmap]
* Reports: [https://www.humane-ai.eu/reports/ Overview] Note that these reports are from a previous related project, Humane AI preparatory action
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/D13-HumaneAI-framework-report.pdf D1.3 Humane AI Ethical Framework]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/D21-HumaneAI-Concept.pdf D2.1 HumanE AI Concept and Research Plan]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D4.1-v3.pdf D4.1 Organizational concepts and legal frameworks ...]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/deliverables/ Deliverables]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/?type=allevents Events] 
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/project/ Micro-projects]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/micro-projects/ Overview]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/microprojects-network/ Evolving Graph of Partnerships]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/project/?type=macro-project Macro-projects]

=== TAILOR ===
[https://tailor-network.eu/ TAILOR] targets trustworthy AI through the integration of learning, optimisation, and reasoning.
* About the project: [https://youtu.be/VW5RsxxLagc Video], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/about-2/ Project Data], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/organization/ Organization], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/tailor-objectives/ Objectives], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/deliverables/ List of Deliverables]: [https://tailor-network.eu/about/deliverables/filed-deliverables/ Publicly-available Deliverables Available Now]
* About the network: [https://tailor-network.eu/connectivity-fund/ Connectivity Fund] ([https://tailor-eu.github.io/connectivity-fund/#/ apply here]), [https://tailor-network.eu/network/industry/ Industry Sectors], [https://tailor-network.eu/network/partners/ Partners], [https://tailor-network.eu/network/network-members/ Network Members], [https://tailor-network.eu/network/international-advisory-board/ International Advisory Board]
* Research:
** WP2 [https://tailor-network.eu/research/strategic-research-and-innovation-roadmap/ Strategic Research and Innovation Roadmap (SRIR)]
** WP3 Trustworthy AI: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/trustworthy-ai/ Overview], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/home WP3 Website], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/meetingsworkshops/kick-off?authuser=0 Kickoff Meeting], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/meetingsworkshops/open-wp3-meeting-02092021?authuser=0 Open Meeting], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/tasks?authuser=0 Tasks], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/partners?authuser=0 Partners], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/coordinated-actions?authuser=0 Coordinated Actions] (also [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1U3qAl1L0U7l795N6oQ1FF8uSvaCUfB-HVYcr9lwKnhk/edit#gid=0 here] and [https://tailor-network.eu/research-overview/trustworthy-ai/ here] but without any links to fact sheets), [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/calendar?authuser=0 Calendar], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/links?authuser=0 Links], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/contacts?authuser=0 Contacts], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/faq?authuser=0 FAQ], [https://prafra.github.io/jupyter-book-TAILOR-D3.2/TAILOR.html D3.3 The TAILOR Handbook on Trustworthy AI (Version 1)]
** WP4 Unifying AI Paradigms and Representations: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/unifying-paradigms/ Overview], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/home?authuser=0 WP4 Website], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/description?authuser=0 Description], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/tasks?authuser=0 Tasks], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/workshops?authuser=0 Workshops], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/publications?authuser=0 Publications], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/external-links?authuser=0 External Links]
** WP5 Deciding and Learning How to Act: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/acting/ Overview], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/ WP5 Website], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/papers?authuser=0 Papers], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/kickoff-workshop?authuser=0 Kickoff Workshop], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/roadmap-workshop?authuser=0 Roadmap Workshop], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/descrizione-del-corso?authuser=0 Highlights], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/lecturesandtutes?authuser=0 Trustworthy AI], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/focus?authuser=0 Focus], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/ct-team?authuser=0 Description], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/tasks?authuser=0 Tasks], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/calendar?authuser=0 Calendar], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/meetings-and-talks?authuser=0 Meetings and Talks], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/discussion-forum?authuser=0 Google Group], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/links?authuser=0 Links]
** WP6 Learning and Reasoning in Social Contexts: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/social/ Overview], [https://www.tailor-social-ai.eu/ WP6 website]
** WP7 Automated AI [https://tailor-network.eu/research/autoai/ Overview]: How can we use AI "at the meta-level" ... by people with limited AI expertise? [https://tailor-network.eu/2nd-autoai-workshop/ 2nd AutoAI Workshop]
* Activities:
** [https://tailor-network.eu/network-collaboration/ Network Collaboration] ([https://tailor-uob.github.io/deliverables/ WP9])
** [https://tailor-network.eu/challenges/ Challenges]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/dissemination-and-outreach/ Dissemination and Outreach]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/activities/theme-development-workshops/ Theme Development Workshops]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/activities/tailor-workshop-2020/ Tailor Workshop 2020]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/summer-school-2021/ Tailor Summer School 2021]: 23-24 September & [https://tailor-network.eu/the-first-tailor-summer-school-report/ Report]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/first-tailor-conference-21-22-september-2021/ First Tailor Conference 2021]: 21-22 September & [https://tailor-network.eu/report-from-conference/ Report]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/aida/ International AI Doctoral Academy (AIDA)]
* [https://tailor-network.eu/news/ News Items]

=== euROBIN ===
[https://www.eurobin-project.eu/ euROBIN] European Excellence Network on AI-powered Robotics 
The main goal of the euROBIN research agenda being pursued by this network of excellence is "cognition-enabled transferable embodied AI" (also known as cognitive robotics).

== The AI Lighthouses ==

===dAIEDGE===

[https://daiedge.eu/ dAIEDGE] European Lighthouse of AI for distributed, trustworthy, efficient, and scalable AI at the edge.

=== ELIAS ===
[https://elias-ai.eu/ ELIAS] European Lighthouse of AI for Sustainability 

=== ELSA ===
[https://www.elsa-ai.eu ELSA] European Lighthouse on Secure and Safe AI 

=== ENFIELD ===
[https://www.enfield-project.eu/ ENFIELD] European Lighthouse to Manifest Trustworthy and Green AI

See [[#Interconnections | Interconnections]] for more on their role. 

== The European AI-on-Demand (AIoD) Platform ==
[https://aiod.eu/ The AI-on-demand (AIoD) platform] supported by the [https://www.ai4europe.eu/ AI4Europe Project]. 
[https://webapps.cs.umu.se/uminf/reports/2021/003/part1.pdf An abbreviated assessment list to support the Responsible Development and Use of AI] 
[https://www.ai4europe.eu/ethics/articles/assessment-list-responsible-development-and-use-ai-umea-university Assessment list to support the Responsible Development and Use of AI] 

== The AI Doctoral Academy (AIDA) ==
[https://www.i-aida.org/ AIDA - AI Doctoral Academy] 
[https://www.i-aida.org/phd-curriculum/ AI Ph.D. Curriculum] 
[https://www.i-aida.org/aida-taxonomy/ AI Educational Taxonomy] 

== Testing and Experimentation Facilities (TEFs) ==
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/testing-and-experimentation-facilities Testing and Experimentation Facilities under the Digital Europe Programme].
* [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/workshops-reference-testing-and-experimentation-facilities-artificial-intelligence-digital-europe TEF Workshops 2020]
* [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2021-workshops-sectorial-testing-and-experimentation-facilities-artificial-intelligence-under TEF Workshops 2021]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/78659 FAQ document on Sectorial Testing and Experimentation Facilities (TEFs)] (document to be downloaded)
* [https://youtu.be/IFPh3-5FmBk?t=453 Presentation at the "Leading the Digital Decade" event of 2 June 2021] Video (6' 25")
* [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/artificial-intelligence-digital-programme Big Picture]: Artificial intelligence in the DIGITAL Europe programme

== Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) ==
[https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/digital-innovation-hubs-tool Yellow Pages] of Digital Innovation Hubs, including candidate European Digital Innovation Hubs

== European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs) ==
[https://ri4eu.eu/ European Robotics Digital Innovation Hub for EU] 
See [[#Interconnections | Interconnections]] for more on their role. 

== Programmes for Education and Training ==

[https://codeweek.eu/ EU Code Week] for schools 
[https://www.elementsofai.com/ Elements of AI] Two courses: Introduction to AI and Building AI 
[https://www.i-aida.org/ AIDA - AI Doctoral Academy] 
...

== AI Factories ==

[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.aifactory.lu/ Meluxina-AI] - Luxembourg 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.hammerhai.eu/ HammerHAI] - Germany 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.sling.si/en/slaif/ SLAIF] - Slovena 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://mimer-aifactory.eu/ MIMER] - Sweden 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.lumi-supercomputer.eu/lumi-aif/ LUMI AIF] - Finland 
AI2F - France 
BSC AIF - Spain 
JAIF - Germany 
IT4LIA - Italy 
AIF Austria - Austria 
BRAIN++ - Bulgaria 
PIAST AIF - Poland 
Pharos - Greece 

== Interconnections ==

Recall that the AI ecosystem comprises the following entities.

* The European Commission
* Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
* Network of AI Excellence Centres and an associated Coordination and Support Action (CSA)
* The AI Lighthouses
* The European AI-on-Demand Platform
* Testing and experimentation facilities (TEFs)
* Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs)
* European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs)
* Programmes for Education and Training

The European Commission engages in consultative policy development and implements this policy by through a strategic plan, including the funding or co-funding of the various entities identified in the plan.

Together with the European Commission, the PPPs are formed by associations or organizations that represent the strategic interests of industry and research centres & laboratories. One of their main responsibilities is to identify the priority research, development, and innovation (RDI) topics, themes, technologies, and challenges and to capture them in an effective research roadmap or research agenda. This agenda provides input for public and private funding bodies that support RDI. The goal is to have a significant impact on European products and processes though the adoption of AI.

The Networks of AI Excellence Centres aim to increase cooperation among the best research teams in Europe so that they can join forces to tackle the scientific and technological challenges identified by the PPPs, and foster closer cooperation and synergy among research teams and industry. At present, there are four networks, each targeting a different section of the AI community, and each formed by a project that is funded by the European Commission. Support for the cohesion of these networks is provided by VISION, a Coordination and Support Action. The Excellence Centres generate the research results that provide the techniques, tools, and methodologies - collectively referred to as assets - that form the foundation for further development and innovation by industry. These assets are made available through the European AI on Demand Platform, the regional Digital Innovation Hubs, and the European Digital Innovation Hubs, when they are launched. The Network of AI Excellence Centres also creates education and training material.

The AI Lighthouses for Europe will expand and deepen the Network of AI Excellence Centres by adding new centres and building an even stronger alliance between them. This alliance will share a common roadmap to support basic and applied research, bring about alignment with national AI efforts, foster innovation and investment, attract and retain AI talent in Europe, and create synergies and economies of scale.

The European AI-on-Demand Platform - known as AIoD - is a one-stop shop for all matters AI: knowledge, know-how, technology, tools, services and experts. It hosts a catalogue of AI assets that can be used by developers to exploit AI and embed it in process and products. At time of writing, there were 90 assets listed in the catalog.
This is one of the forums that the AI Excellence Centres use to make their results available to the community but any organization can request their asset to be listed. Note that AI4EU has a new website https://www.ai4europe.eu/ and the old one at https://www.ai4EU.eu/ is deprecated.

The Testing and experimentation facilities (TEFs) , anticipated in the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:795:FIN Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence] and yet to be launched, will provide expertise and experience in testing mature technology in a given sector, in real or close-to-real conditions. The aim is to provide developers with an infrastructure for testing AI technology before bringing it to the market. TEFs are planned for four sectors - agri-food, manufacturing, healthcare, and smart cities - and technologies (edge AI). According to the [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence 2021 Review], the edge AI TEF plays a special role in the AI ecosystem by enabling "companies of any size to test and experiment innovative edge AI components based on advanced low-power computing technologies, such as neuromorphic computing" and other "low-powered AI computing hardware".

The Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) operate on a similar basis to the European AI-on-Demand Platform, in that they act as a one-stop shop providing technical expertise and resources for experimentation so that companies can "test before they invest". DIHs also provide innovation services, e.g. training and advice on financing training. The link with the European AI-on-Demand Platform by exploiting the assets make available by AI-on-Demand Platform, making them accessible to business on a regional basis, and by sharing their experiences with the AI-on-Demand Platform.

The European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs) represents a yet-to-be-launched second wave of DIHs across Europe with some 200 DIHs planned, at a cost of approx. 1.5 billion euros, co-funded by the European Commission and member states.

[[File:new.jpg]] The [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-factories AI Factories] are a more recent addition to the European AI ecosystem, announced in 2024 and launched in 2025. According to the European Commission, "AI Factories leverage the supercomputing capacity of the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking to develop trustworthy cutting-edge generative AI models".

The final element of the ecosystem are the education and training programs that are essential to equipping the workforce with the requisite knowledge, know-how, and skills in AI. These programs are created and implemented by several bodies, including the AI Excellence centres, the DIHs and EDIHs, and, of course, any education and training institute in the EU. There are made available through several channels, including AI Excellence centres, DIHs, EDIHs, and the AI-on-Demand Platform.

AI in Europe

2026-02-01T17:25:28Z

Dvernon: /* European Commission Documents */

This page provides a partial snapshot of the various resources, organizations, and groups that make up the AI ecosystem in Europe. It focusses mainly on the entities that are the result of the policies of the European Commission and the associated strategies to implement these policies.

The term ecosystem is much over-used, but in this case it is justified in that there is a network of self-sustaining, mutually-supporting, and mutually-dependent bodies, all concerned with the implementation of Europe's strategy for research, development, and innovation (RDI) in human-centric, sustainable, secure, inclusive, and trustworthy AI.

What appears below is effectively a directory of entities (networks, projects, digital innovation hubs, AI factories, testing and evaluation facilities ... ) and their activities. It is important to realize that this presentation therefore omits the key links between the various entities (with one or two exceptions). These links are essential: without them, there is no system, much less an ecosystem.

In the final section, [[#Interconnections | Interconnections]], I try to capture these links by indicating, very briefly, how the various entities work together.

[[File:new.jpg]] '''For a comprehensive catalogue of entities in the European AI ecosystem, see the [https://adr-association.eu/mapping-tool Mapping Tool] on the [https://adr-association.eu/ Adra] (AI, Data, and Robotics Association) website. In particular, download the [https://adr-association.eu/sites/default/files/2025-06/ADRA_T21.xlsm mapping file], an Excel spreadsheet that allows you to identify subsets of over 850 entities by applying filters to each of the fields. This mapping tool was created by the [https://adra-e.eu/ Adra-e] project.'''

__TOC__
[[File:new.jpg]] signifies a recently added item

== The AI Act ==
[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-on-the-proposal-for-an-ai-act/ HumanE-AI-net website]) 
[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/second-tutorial-on-the-ai-act/ Second Tutorial on the AI Act] prepared by [https://lsts.research.vub.be/gianmarco-gori Giancarlo Gori], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the AI Act for human-centric AI. 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence] Overview of the AI Act from the European Parliament 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/the-time-to-ai-act-is-now-a-practical-guide-to-the-ai-ac The Time to (AI) Act is Now: A Practical Guide to the AI Act] by William Fry, Irish corporate law firm 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_1683 Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers] European Commission 
[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/05/26/why-we-decided-to-relocate-the-headquarters-of-our-ai-company-from-the-us-to-ireland/ Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland]
An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of [https://partsol.com/ Partsol] (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here]) 
[https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/eu-ai-act-irish-innovation-regulation-us-partsol Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation] 

== European Commission Documents ==

[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:237:FIN Artificial Intelligence for Europe] 2018 
[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:795:FIN Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence] 2018 
[https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=60419 Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI] 2019 
[https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust] 2020 White Paper 
[https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-european-strategy-data-19feb2020_en.pdf A European Strategy for Data] 2020 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/assessment-list-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-altai-self-assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for self-assessment] 2020 
[https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC120399/jrc120399_misuraca-ai-watch_public-services_30062020_def.pdf AI Watch - Artificial Intelligence in Public Services] 2020 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence 2021 Review]; see pp. 19-20 regarding the networks of AI excellence centres and the AI lighthouse 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence European approach to artificial intelligence] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/apply-ai Apply AI Strategy] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/industrial-research-and-innovation/artificial-intelligence-ai-science_en Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Science] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52025DC0724&qid=1762332390557 A European Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in Science: Paving the way for the Resource for AI Science in Europe (RAISE)] 2025 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.coe-raise.eu/ Resource for AI Science in Europe (RAISE)] 

== European Commission Services ==

[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office European AI Office] 
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-ai-alliance European AI Alliance] 
[https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/ai-watch_en AI Watch] 

== Public Private Partnerships (PPP) ==
===Adra===
[https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/bmr-2022/ec_rtd_bmr-2022-ai-data-and-robotics-fiche.pdf European Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, Data and Robotics], in which [https://adr-association.eu/ Adra], the AI, Data and Robotics Association, is the private side of the partnership. 
* [https://adr-association.eu/srida SRIDA] Adra's Strategic Research Innovation and Deployment Agenda: 4th Edition 2025-2027 

===Adra-e===
[https://adr-association.eu/ Adra] is supported by the [https://adra-e.eu/ Adra-e] project. 

== Associations ==
===euRobotics===
[https://www.eu-robotics.net/ European Association for Robotics] 
*[https://eu-robotics.net/wp-content/uploads/euRobotics-A-Unified-Vision-for-European-Robotics-Dec2024-web.pdf A Unified Vision for European Robotics] A Strategy for Innovation, Growth and Societal Impact 
*[https://eu-robotics.net/artificial-intelligence-and-cognition-in-robotics-aicor/ AICoR] the euRobotics Topic Group on AI and Cognition in Robotics 

===BVDA===
[https://www.bdva.eu/ Big Data Value Association] 
===CAIRNE (formerly CLAIRE)===
[https://claire-ai.org/ Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe] CLAIRE, now known as [https://cairne.eu/ CAIRNE] 
===ELLIS===
[https://ellis.eu/ European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems] 
===EurAI===
[https://www.eurai.org/ European Association for Artificial Intelligence] 

== Networks of AI Excellence Centres ==

[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/towards-vibrant-european-network-ai-excellence Towards a vibrant European network of AI excellence] 


=== VISION Coordination and Support Action (CSA) ===
[https://www.vision4ai.eu/ VISION]: Value and Impact through Synergy, Interaction & coOperation of Networks of AI Excellence Centres Building on the success and organisation of [https://claire-ai.org/ CLAIRE] and [https://www.ai4europe.eu/ AI4Europe]"
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/ About VISION]:
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/project-2/ The Project]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/objectives/ The Objectives]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/partners/ The Partners]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/bodies-sc-eb-iab-isb/ Project Organization]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/deliverables/ Deliverables]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/about/contacts/ Contacts]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/community/ Community]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/community/posters/ Posters] by the four ICT48 Networks of AI Excellence Centres: AI4Media, ELISE, HumanE-AI-net, TAILOR
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision4ai/activities/ Activities]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/aida/ International AI Doctoral Academy (AIDA)]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/tdw/ Theme Development Workshops]
*** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/ai-in-the-public-sector/ AI in the Public Sector] 7 & 9 September 2021
*** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/future-mobility-value-of-data-trust-in-ai/ Future Mobility - Value of Data & Trust in AI] 28 October 2021
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/ict-48-1-workshop/ First ICT-48 Community Workshop] 30 June 2021
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/vision-for-ai-2021/ Vision for AI 2021] 22 April 2021.
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/news/ News]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/talk/ Mattermost Communication Platform]
** [https://talk.vision4ai.eu Mattermost Login]
** [https://www.vision4ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mattermost-User-Guide.pdf User Guide for the Mattermost Installation]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Joint-SRA_AI-data-and-robotics-made-in-Europe-Research-agendas-from-the-European-AI-and-robotics-Networks-of-Excellence.pdf Joint Strategic Research Agenda (SRA)]
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/noes-videos/ Promotional videos of all European AI Networks of Excellence Centres (NoEs)] 
* [https://www.vision4ai.eu/aiod-seminar-series/ AIoD Seminar Series 2024] 

===AI4Media===
[https://www.ai4media.eu/ AI4Media] targets the Media, Society and Democracy 
* About the network: [https://www.ai4media.eu/project-overview/ Project Overview], [https://www.ai4media.eu/action-plan/ Action Plan], [https://www.ai4media.eu/consortium/ Consortium], [https://www.ai4media.eu/associate-members/ Associate Members], [https://youtu.be/yzle4v6_pf0 Video], [https://www.ai4media.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AI4Media-Methodology-in-a-nutshell.pdf Methodology in an Nutshell graphic]
* Results: [https://www.ai4media.eu/observatory/ Observatory], [https://www.ai4media.eu/use-cases/ Use Cases], [https://www.ai4media.eu/public-reports/ Public Reports], [https://www.ai4media.eu/scientific-papers/ Scientific Papers]
* Media: [https://www.ai4media.eu/events/ Events], [https://www.ai4media.eu/news/ News and Articles], [https://www.ai4media.eu/newsletters/ Newsletters]
* [https://www.ai4media.eu/open-calls/ Open Calls]
* Mobility: [https://www.ai4media.eu/junior-fellows-program/ Junior Fellows Exchange Program], [https://www.ai4media.eu/mobility-matchmaking/ Mobility Matchmaking]
* [https://www.i-aida.org/ AIDA - AI Doctoral Academy]

===ELISE===

[https://www.elise-ai.eu/ ELISE] targets data-driven machine learning, in coordination with the [https://ellis.eu/ ELLIS Society] (European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems)
* Research: [https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f55e90f6a7294f66f94d30d/609a39235e25e3d64bb65053_ELISE-strategic-research-agenda-web.pdf Strategic Research Agenda] May 2021 (45 pages), [https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f55e90f6a7294f66f94d30d/609b99f584dc7e2db5c314d5_ELISE%20SRA%20-%20press%20release%20-%20May%202021.pdf Press release]
* Collaboration: [https://www.elise-ai.eu/work/industry Open Calls for SMEs]
* Mobility: for [https://www.elise-ai.eu/work/researcher-mobility Experienced Researchers]
* Education: [https://ellis.eu/phd-postdoc ELLIS Ph.D. and Post-doc Program]
* Structure: [https://www.elise-ai.eu/organizing-nodes Network Organization]
* Communications: [https://www.elise-ai.eu/news-events News and Events]

===HumanE-AI-net===
[https://www.humane-ai.eu/ HumanE-AI-net]: European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/vision/ Vision]
* [https://youtu.be/HZWQOyddBBc Overview video]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/workpackages/ Workpackages]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/deliverables/ Deliverables]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/humaneai-people/ People]: My blue sky project for AI in Europe is ...]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/partners/ Partners], of which there are fifty-three
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/blog/ Blog]: sixteen videos of people's answers to the question "What is your opinion on Human-centred Artificial Intelligence"
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/videos/ Videos]: HumaneAI promotional video (one video), Debate and presentations (two videos), Perspectives on HumaneAI and blue sky projects (forty-eight videos)
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/news/ News Items]
* Testbeds
** [https://humane-ai.dice.aalto.fi/ Collaborative AI Arena] Benchmarking collaborative capabilities of AI in the wild
** [https://truereason.app/chat TrueReason AI Tutor Demo]
* Research: [https://www.humane-ai.eu/research-roadmap/ Research Roadmap]
* Reports: [https://www.humane-ai.eu/reports/ Overview] Note that these reports are from a previous related project, Humane AI preparatory action
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/D13-HumaneAI-framework-report.pdf D1.3 Humane AI Ethical Framework]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/D21-HumaneAI-Concept.pdf D2.1 HumanE AI Concept and Research Plan]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D4.1-v3.pdf D4.1 Organizational concepts and legal frameworks ...]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/deliverables/ Deliverables]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/?type=allevents Events] 
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/project/ Micro-projects]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/micro-projects/ Overview]
** [https://www.humane-ai.eu/microprojects-network/ Evolving Graph of Partnerships]
* [https://www.humane-ai.eu/project/?type=macro-project Macro-projects]

=== TAILOR ===
[https://tailor-network.eu/ TAILOR] targets trustworthy AI through the integration of learning, optimisation, and reasoning.
* About the project: [https://youtu.be/VW5RsxxLagc Video], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/about-2/ Project Data], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/organization/ Organization], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/tailor-objectives/ Objectives], [https://tailor-network.eu/about/deliverables/ List of Deliverables]: [https://tailor-network.eu/about/deliverables/filed-deliverables/ Publicly-available Deliverables Available Now]
* About the network: [https://tailor-network.eu/connectivity-fund/ Connectivity Fund] ([https://tailor-eu.github.io/connectivity-fund/#/ apply here]), [https://tailor-network.eu/network/industry/ Industry Sectors], [https://tailor-network.eu/network/partners/ Partners], [https://tailor-network.eu/network/network-members/ Network Members], [https://tailor-network.eu/network/international-advisory-board/ International Advisory Board]
* Research:
** WP2 [https://tailor-network.eu/research/strategic-research-and-innovation-roadmap/ Strategic Research and Innovation Roadmap (SRIR)]
** WP3 Trustworthy AI: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/trustworthy-ai/ Overview], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/home WP3 Website], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/meetingsworkshops/kick-off?authuser=0 Kickoff Meeting], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/meetingsworkshops/open-wp3-meeting-02092021?authuser=0 Open Meeting], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/tasks?authuser=0 Tasks], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/partners?authuser=0 Partners], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/coordinated-actions?authuser=0 Coordinated Actions] (also [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1U3qAl1L0U7l795N6oQ1FF8uSvaCUfB-HVYcr9lwKnhk/edit#gid=0 here] and [https://tailor-network.eu/research-overview/trustworthy-ai/ here] but without any links to fact sheets), [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/calendar?authuser=0 Calendar], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/links?authuser=0 Links], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/contacts?authuser=0 Contacts], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp3/faq?authuser=0 FAQ], [https://prafra.github.io/jupyter-book-TAILOR-D3.2/TAILOR.html D3.3 The TAILOR Handbook on Trustworthy AI (Version 1)]
** WP4 Unifying AI Paradigms and Representations: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/unifying-paradigms/ Overview], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/home?authuser=0 WP4 Website], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/description?authuser=0 Description], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/tasks?authuser=0 Tasks], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/workshops?authuser=0 Workshops], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/publications?authuser=0 Publications], [https://sites.google.com/view/tailorwp4/external-links?authuser=0 External Links]
** WP5 Deciding and Learning How to Act: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/acting/ Overview], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/ WP5 Website], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/papers?authuser=0 Papers], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/kickoff-workshop?authuser=0 Kickoff Workshop], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/roadmap-workshop?authuser=0 Roadmap Workshop], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/descrizione-del-corso?authuser=0 Highlights], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/lecturesandtutes?authuser=0 Trustworthy AI], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/focus?authuser=0 Focus], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/ct-team?authuser=0 Description], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/tasks?authuser=0 Tasks], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/calendar?authuser=0 Calendar], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/meetings-and-talks?authuser=0 Meetings and Talks], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/discussion-forum?authuser=0 Google Group], [https://sites.google.com/diag.uniroma1.it/ict-48-tailor-wp5/links?authuser=0 Links]
** WP6 Learning and Reasoning in Social Contexts: [https://tailor-network.eu/research/social/ Overview], [https://www.tailor-social-ai.eu/ WP6 website]
** WP7 Automated AI [https://tailor-network.eu/research/autoai/ Overview]: How can we use AI "at the meta-level" ... by people with limited AI expertise? [https://tailor-network.eu/2nd-autoai-workshop/ 2nd AutoAI Workshop]
* Activities:
** [https://tailor-network.eu/network-collaboration/ Network Collaboration] ([https://tailor-uob.github.io/deliverables/ WP9])
** [https://tailor-network.eu/challenges/ Challenges]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/dissemination-and-outreach/ Dissemination and Outreach]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/activities/theme-development-workshops/ Theme Development Workshops]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/activities/tailor-workshop-2020/ Tailor Workshop 2020]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/summer-school-2021/ Tailor Summer School 2021]: 23-24 September & [https://tailor-network.eu/the-first-tailor-summer-school-report/ Report]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/first-tailor-conference-21-22-september-2021/ First Tailor Conference 2021]: 21-22 September & [https://tailor-network.eu/report-from-conference/ Report]
** [https://tailor-network.eu/aida/ International AI Doctoral Academy (AIDA)]
* [https://tailor-network.eu/news/ News Items]

=== euROBIN ===
[https://www.eurobin-project.eu/ euROBIN] European Excellence Network on AI-powered Robotics 
The main goal of the euROBIN research agenda being pursued by this network of excellence is "cognition-enabled transferable embodied AI" (also known as cognitive robotics).

== The AI Lighthouses ==

===dAIEDGE===

[https://daiedge.eu/ dAIEDGE] European Lighthouse of AI for distributed, trustworthy, efficient, and scalable AI at the edge.

=== ELIAS ===
[https://elias-ai.eu/ ELIAS] European Lighthouse of AI for Sustainability 

=== ELSA ===
[https://www.elsa-ai.eu ELSA] European Lighthouse on Secure and Safe AI 

=== ENFIELD ===
[https://www.enfield-project.eu/ ENFIELD] European Lighthouse to Manifest Trustworthy and Green AI

See [[#Interconnections | Interconnections]] for more on their role. 

== The European AI-on-Demand (AIoD) Platform ==
[https://aiod.eu/ The AI-on-demand (AIoD) platform] supported by the [https://www.ai4europe.eu/ AI4Europe Project]. 
[https://webapps.cs.umu.se/uminf/reports/2021/003/part1.pdf An abbreviated assessment list to support the Responsible Development and Use of AI] 
[https://www.ai4europe.eu/ethics/articles/assessment-list-responsible-development-and-use-ai-umea-university Assessment list to support the Responsible Development and Use of AI] 

== The AI Doctoral Academy (AIDA) ==
[https://www.i-aida.org/ AIDA - AI Doctoral Academy] 
[https://www.i-aida.org/phd-curriculum/ AI Ph.D. Curriculum] 
[https://www.i-aida.org/aida-taxonomy/ AI Educational Taxonomy] 

== Testing and Experimentation Facilities (TEFs) ==
[https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/testing-and-experimentation-facilities Testing and Experimentation Facilities under the Digital Europe Programme].
* [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/workshops-reference-testing-and-experimentation-facilities-artificial-intelligence-digital-europe TEF Workshops 2020]
* [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2021-workshops-sectorial-testing-and-experimentation-facilities-artificial-intelligence-under TEF Workshops 2021]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/78659 FAQ document on Sectorial Testing and Experimentation Facilities (TEFs)] (document to be downloaded)
* [https://youtu.be/IFPh3-5FmBk?t=453 Presentation at the "Leading the Digital Decade" event of 2 June 2021] Video (6' 25")
* [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/activities/artificial-intelligence-digital-programme Big Picture]: Artificial intelligence in the DIGITAL Europe programme

== Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) ==
[https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/digital-innovation-hubs-tool Yellow Pages] of Digital Innovation Hubs, including candidate European Digital Innovation Hubs

== European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs) ==
[https://ri4eu.eu/ European Robotics Digital Innovation Hub for EU] 
See [[#Interconnections | Interconnections]] for more on their role. 

== Programmes for Education and Training ==

[https://codeweek.eu/ EU Code Week] for schools 
[https://www.elementsofai.com/ Elements of AI] Two courses: Introduction to AI and Building AI 
[https://www.i-aida.org/ AIDA - AI Doctoral Academy] 
...

== AI Factories ==

[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.aifactory.lu/ Meluxina-AI] - Luxembourg 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.hammerhai.eu/ HammerHAI] - Germany 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.sling.si/en/slaif/ SLAIF] - Slovena 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://mimer-aifactory.eu/ MIMER] - Sweden 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.lumi-supercomputer.eu/lumi-aif/ LUMI AIF] - Finland 
AI2F - France 
BSC AIF - Spain 
JAIF - Germany 
IT4LIA - Italy 
AIF Austria - Austria 
BRAIN++ - Bulgaria 
PIAST AIF - Poland 
Pharos - Greece 

== Interconnections ==

Recall that the AI ecosystem comprises the following entities.

* The European Commission
* Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
* Network of AI Excellence Centres and an associated Coordination and Support Action (CSA)
* The AI Lighthouses
* The European AI-on-Demand Platform
* Testing and experimentation facilities (TEFs)
* Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs)
* European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs)
* Programmes for Education and Training

The European Commission engages in consultative policy development and implements this policy by through a strategic plan, including the funding or co-funding of the various entities identified in the plan.

Together with the European Commission, the PPPs are formed by associations or organizations that represent the strategic interests of industry and research centres & laboratories. One of their main responsibilities is to identify the priority research, development, and innovation (RDI) topics, themes, technologies, and challenges and to capture them in an effective research roadmap or research agenda. This agenda provides input for public and private funding bodies that support RDI. The goal is to have a significant impact on European products and processes though the adoption of AI.

The Networks of AI Excellence Centres aim to increase cooperation among the best research teams in Europe so that they can join forces to tackle the scientific and technological challenges identified by the PPPs, and foster closer cooperation and synergy among research teams and industry. At present, there are four networks, each targeting a different section of the AI community, and each formed by a project that is funded by the European Commission. Support for the cohesion of these networks is provided by VISION, a Coordination and Support Action. The Excellence Centres generate the research results that provide the techniques, tools, and methodologies - collectively referred to as assets - that form the foundation for further development and innovation by industry. These assets are made available through the European AI on Demand Platform, the regional Digital Innovation Hubs, and the European Digital Innovation Hubs, when they are launched. The Network of AI Excellence Centres also creates education and training material.

The AI Lighthouses for Europe will expand and deepen the Network of AI Excellence Centres by adding new centres and building an even stronger alliance between them. This alliance will share a common roadmap to support basic and applied research, bring about alignment with national AI efforts, foster innovation and investment, attract and retain AI talent in Europe, and create synergies and economies of scale.

The European AI-on-Demand Platform - known as AIoD - is a one-stop shop for all matters AI: knowledge, know-how, technology, tools, services and experts. It hosts a catalogue of AI assets that can be used by developers to exploit AI and embed it in process and products. At time of writing, there were 90 assets listed in the catalog.
This is one of the forums that the AI Excellence Centres use to make their results available to the community but any organization can request their asset to be listed. Note that AI4EU has a new website https://www.ai4europe.eu/ and the old one at https://www.ai4EU.eu/ is deprecated.

The Testing and experimentation facilities (TEFs) , anticipated in the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:795:FIN Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence] and yet to be launched, will provide expertise and experience in testing mature technology in a given sector, in real or close-to-real conditions. The aim is to provide developers with an infrastructure for testing AI technology before bringing it to the market. TEFs are planned for four sectors - agri-food, manufacturing, healthcare, and smart cities - and technologies (edge AI). According to the [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence 2021 Review], the edge AI TEF plays a special role in the AI ecosystem by enabling "companies of any size to test and experiment innovative edge AI components based on advanced low-power computing technologies, such as neuromorphic computing" and other "low-powered AI computing hardware".

The Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) operate on a similar basis to the European AI-on-Demand Platform, in that they act as a one-stop shop providing technical expertise and resources for experimentation so that companies can "test before they invest". DIHs also provide innovation services, e.g. training and advice on financing training. The link with the European AI-on-Demand Platform by exploiting the assets make available by AI-on-Demand Platform, making them accessible to business on a regional basis, and by sharing their experiences with the AI-on-Demand Platform.

The European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs) represents a yet-to-be-launched second wave of DIHs across Europe with some 200 DIHs planned, at a cost of approx. 1.5 billion euros, co-funded by the European Commission and member states.

[[File:new.jpg]] The [https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-factories AI Factories] are a more recent addition to the European AI ecosystem, announced in 2024 and launched in 2025. According to the European Commission, "AI Factories leverage the supercomputing capacity of the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking to develop trustworthy cutting-edge generative AI models".

The final element of the ecosystem are the education and training programs that are essential to equipping the workforce with the requisite knowledge, know-how, and skills in AI. These programs are created and implemented by several bodies, including the AI Excellence centres, the DIHs and EDIHs, and, of course, any education and training institute in the EU. There are made available through several channels, including AI Excellence centres, DIHs, EDIHs, and the AI-on-Demand Platform.