Artificial Intelligence - Revision history

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== Artificial Intelligence ==

=== Origins ===
[https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904 A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955] 
[https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/aimagazine/article/view/950 Foundations and Grand Challenges of Artificial Intelligence: AAAI Presidential Address] Raj Reddy (1988) 
[https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2020/04/27/12-ai-milestones-4-mycin-an-expert-system-for-infectious-disease-therapy/?sh=28c9fe6676e5 MYCIN expert system for infectious disease therapy] A milestone in AI 
[http://www.shortliffe.net/Buchanan-Shortliffe-1984/MYCIN%20Book.htm MYCIN Book] 
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42970324?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents Natural selection and the emergence of mind] Speech by Karl Popper about Charles Darwin 
[https://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil201/Searle.pdf The Chinese Room] 

=== AI in Society ===

[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence.
 
[https://www.ai-fora.de/about/ AI FORA - AI for Assessment] 
[https://ai4good.org/ AI for Good Foundation] 
[https://aiforgood.itu.int/ AI for Good Global Summit] 
[[AI in Europe]] 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/26/technology/ai-elections-democracy.html A.I. Is Starting to Wear Down Democracy] New York Times 
[http://www.vernon.eu/AIML03.htm Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Africa] 
[[Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Machine Learning in Africa]] 
[https://blackinai.github.io/#/ Black in AI] 
[https://www.cooperativeai.com/ Cooperative AI] Foundation 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/data-embassies-digital-sovereignty-explained-mashael-basakran-qxqqe/ Data Embassies and Digital Sovereignty Explained] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/jul/06/mercy-anita-african-workers-ai-artificial-intelligence-exploitation-feeding-machine Feeding the Machine: The Hidden Human Labour Powering AI (edited extract)] and [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/jul/06/james-muldoon-mark-graham-callum-cant-ai-artificial-intelligence-human-work-exploitation-fairwork-feeding-machine An interview with the authors] 
[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1210421/full From fear to action: AI governance and opportunities for all] Frontiers in Computer Science Opinion Article 
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-023-01694-1 Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations] featuring Ubuntu philosophy and maximum feasible participation 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/well/is-ai-validation-healthy.html Next Time You Consult an A.I. Chatbot, Remember One Thing] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/news/article/2024/aug/08/no-god-in-the-machine-the-pitfalls-of-ai-worship No god in the machine: the pitfalls of AI worship] 
[https://oecd.ai/dashboards OECD National AI policies & strategies] 
[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/ The Fourth Industrial Revolution - what it means and how to respond] 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/02/opinion/ai-us-china.html The One Danger That Should Unite the U.S. and China]; also see [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/03/opinion/us-china-ai-trust.html Tom Friedman’s A.I. Nightmare and What the U.S. Can Do to Avoid It] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jun/22/the-rise-of-the-deepfake-and-the-threat-to-democracy The rise of the deepfake and the threat to democracy] 
[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14108-y The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals] Nature Communications (2020) 
[https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf White Paper on Artificial Intelligence] from the European Commission 

=== AI in Business ===
[https://landing.ai/resources/ai-transformation-playbook/ AI Transformation Playbook] 
[https://hbr.org/2018/01/artificial-intelligence-for-the-real-world Artificial Intelligence for the Real World] A Harvard Business Review perspective on using artificial cognitive capabilities in business 
[https://hbr.org/2019/02/how-to-choose-your-first-ai-project How to choose your first AI project] Andrew Ng in Harvard Business Review 2019 
[https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf Sizing the prize What's the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise?] PWC report 
[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/05/26/why-we-decided-to-relocate-the-headquarters-of-our-ai-company-from-the-us-to-ireland/ Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland]
An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of [https://partsol.com/ Partsol], articulating a visionary stance on the importance of the European AI Act, and the benefits of a symbiosis of innovation and regulation in AI, especially where trustworthy AI is paramount (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here]). 

=== AI Education ===
(Also see [[#Tutorials|Tutorials]].) 
[https://ai-4-all.org/ AI4ALL] 
[http://AI4K12.org AI4K12] 
[https://www.firstinspires.org/ FIRST: A global robotics community preparing young people for the future] 
[https://courses.minnalearn.com/ MinnaLearn] Three popular courses: Elements of AI, Building AI, and AI for Built Environment 
[[https://neuromatch.io/neuroscience/ Neuromatch Academy]: courses on [https://neuromatch.io/computational-neuroscience-course/ computational neuroscience], [https://neuromatch.io/neuroai-course/ neuroAI], and [https://neuromatch.io/deep-learning-course/ deep learning]. NB: course costs are dependent on location (e.g., cost for students in Rwanda are ten times less than costs for students in Ireland). 
[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2020/02/12/how-to-teach-artificial-intelligence/#7de1b8135eac Teaching AI to young people] 
[https://wiki.pathmind.com/ The Artificial Intelligence Wiki] A Beginner’s Guide to Important Topics in AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. 
[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382456 Inside AI: An Algorithmic Adventure]. Published by UNESCO, this is a graphic novel, for people who want to understand AI and its impact on society. Note: this is an intentionally inclusive book, in all the best senses of the term. For that alone, it's worth reading. 

=== State of AI ===
[https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-index-2025 12 Graphs That Explain the State of AI in 2025] 
[https://aiindex.stanford.edu/ The AI Index 2025] Stanford University - Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence 
[https://www.muhai.org/blog/12-artificial-intelligence/12-ai-at-a-crossroads AI at a Crossroads.] 
[https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/ganeshm/GrandChallengesAIMagazineSpring2021.pdf Artificial Intelligence’s Grand Challenges: Past, Present, and Future] Ganesh Mani (2021). 
[http://www.vernon.eu/AIML01.htm Artificial Intelligence - Past, Present, and Future.] 
[https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/wot7mkc1/release/9 Artificial Intelligence — The Revolution Hasn’t Happened Yet] by Michael I. Jordan, with commentaries 
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.08630.pdf Cooperative AI] Open Problems. 
[https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-and-psychology-researchers-debate-the-future-of-deep-learning Will the Future of AI Learning Depend More on Nature or Nurture?] Yann LeCun and Gary Marcus debate 
[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/06/29/business/ai-video-deepfake-google-veo-3-quiz.html A.I. Videos Have Never Been Better. Can You Tell What’s Real?] 
[https://ai-2027.com/#narrative-2027-09-30 AI 2027] D. Kokotajlo, S. Alexander, T. Larsen, E. Lifland, and R. Dean "predict that the impact of superhuman AI over the next decade will be enormous, exceeding that of the Industrial Revolution" 
[https://karpathy.github.io/2022/03/14/lecun1989/ Deep Neural Nets: 33 years ago and 33 years from now] a blog by Andrej Karpathy 

=== Limitations of Generative AI ===
(But also see [[#Foundation_Models:_Large_Language_Models_.26_Multimodal_Models|Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal_Models]] and [[#Vision-Language-Action_Models|Vision-Language-Action Models]])

[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11197285 AI has a loose relationship with the truth] Jaime Fernández Fisac, IEEE Spectrum ([https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-misinformation-llm-bullshit longer version]) 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/technology/ai-hallucinations-chatgpt-google.html A.I. Is Getting More Powerful, but Its Hallucinations Are Getting Worse] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jun/06/microsofts-kate-crawford-ai-is-neither-artificial-nor-intelligent "AI is neither artificial nor intelligent"] Interview with Kate Crawford, author of [https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300209570/atlas-ai Atlas of AI] 
[https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1045339.1045340 Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity] Drew McDermott's old (1974) but still relevant plea for more critical self-appraisal by AI researchers (see, especially, the last section "Benediction"). 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/31/ai-assisted-plagiarism-chatgpt-bot-says-it-has-an-answer-for-that AI-assisted plagiarism? ChatGPT bot says it has an answer for that] - ChatGPT: '''"It looks like a confident bullshitter that can write very convincing nonsense".''' 
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/03/botshit-generative-ai-imminent-threat-democracy Beware the ‘botshit’: why generative AI is such a real and imminent threat to the way we live] 
[https://medium.com/@chiayewken/mistakes-of-microsofts-new-bing-can-chatgpt-like-generative-models-guarantee-factual-accuracy-5ec82a7453f4 Can ChatGPT-like Generative Models Guarantee Factual Accuracy? On the Mistakes of Microsoft’s New Bing] 
[https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/can-computers-learn-common-sense Can computers learn common sense?] 
[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kDSERnROv5FgHbVN8z_bXH9gak2IXRtoqz0nwhrviCw/edit#gid=1302320625 ChatGPT/LLM Errors] 
[https://emaggiori.com/chatgpt-fails/ ChatGPT fails] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/26/chatgpt-generated-crochet-pattern-results Crochet enthusiasts asked ChatGPT for patterns. The results are ‘cursed’] 
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.19466v1 Epistemological Fault Lines Between Human and Artificial Intelligence] This arXiv article nails the core weakness of LLMs and generative AI 
[https://github.com/ErnestDavis/LLM-Failures/wiki Ernest Davis LLM-Failures wiki] 
[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1210421/full From fear to action: AI governance and opportunities for all] Frontiers in Computer Science Opinion Article 
[https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-trustworthy-are-large-language-models-gpt How Trustworthy Are Large Language Models Like GPT?] Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence 
[https://github.com/giuven95/chatgpt-failures LLM failure archive (ChatGPT and beyond)] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/apr/01/misinformation-mistakes-and-the-pope-in-a-puffer-what-rapidly-evolving-ai-can-and-cant-do Misinformation, mistakes and the Pope in a puffer: what rapidly evolving AI can – and can’t – do] 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/well/is-ai-validation-healthy.html Next Time You Consult an A.I. Chatbot, Remember One Thing] 
[http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/reviews/haugeland.html Review of John Haugland's "Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea"] by John McCarthy 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/15/techscape-google-chatbot-lamda-sentient-artificial-intelligence TechScape: why you shouldn’t worry about sentient AI … yet] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/16/the-stupidity-of-ai-artificial-intelligence-dall-e-chatgpt The Stupidity of AI] ChatGPT is "inherently stupid ... it has no relation to reality whatsoever." 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyL0yDhr7I&t=244s This is not the AI we were promised | The Royal Society] Michael Woolridge's 2025 Faraday Prize Lecture (if you're short of time, fast forward to [https://youtu.be/CyyL0yDhr7I?t=2788 here]) 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89n0xykw2go US admits 'unfortunate error' after mislabelling countries on map of Africa] (which was generated with an AI tool) 
[https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/uKp6tBFStnsvrot5t/what-dall-e-2-can-and-cannot-do What DALL-E 2 can and cannot do] by LessWrong. Notice in the first image the physical implausibility of the mannequin fingers morphing into folds in the dress. 
[https://garymarcus.substack.com/p/what-to-expect-when-youre-expecting What to Expect When You’re Expecting … GPT-4] by Gary Marcus (who, in 2022, makes seven accurate predictions about the weaknesses of yet-to-be-released GPT-4). 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/09/crosswords/why-youre-better-than-a-computer-at-solving-connections.html Why You’re Better Than a Computer at Solving Connections] Shafik Quoraishee, New York Times 

=== Ethics in AI ===
[https://www.ajl.org/ Algorithmic Justice League] 
[https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/assessment-list-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-altai-self-assessment Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for self-assessment] 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/nov/12/deep-fakes-fake-news-truth Deep fakes: one element of the dark side of AI and ML] 
[https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=60419 Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI] from the European Commission 
[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-intelligence/ Ethical issues in AI] 
[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080 Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges] 
[https://clawar.org/conference-proceedings/icres-conference/ International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards ICRES] 

=== European Union AI Act ===
[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-on-the-proposal-for-an-ai-act/ HumanE-AI-net website]) 
[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/second-tutorial-on-the-ai-act/ Second Tutorial on the AI Act] prepared by [https://lsts.research.vub.be/gianmarco-gori Giancarlo Gori], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the AI Act for human-centric AI. 
[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence] Overview of the AI Act from the European Parliament 
[https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/the-time-to-ai-act-is-now-a-practical-guide-to-the-ai-ac The Time to (AI) Act is Now: A Practical Guide to the AI Act] by William Fry, Irish corporate law firm 
[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_1683 Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers] European Commission 
[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/05/26/why-we-decided-to-relocate-the-headquarters-of-our-ai-company-from-the-us-to-ireland/ Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland]
An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of [https://partsol.com/ Partsol] (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here]) 
[https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/eu-ai-act-irish-innovation-regulation-us-partsol Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation] 

=== AI Applications and Resources ===
[https://colab.research.google.com/?utm_source=scs-index Colab] from Google 
[https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/12/256930-digital-agriculture-for-small-scale-producers/fulltext Digital Agriculture for Small-Scale Producers: Challenges and Opportunities] CACM (2021) 
[https://www.bentoml.com/blog/a-guide-to-open-source-image-generation-models A Guide to Open-Source Image Generation Models] 

=== AI Science and Technology ===
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://aaai.org/about-aaai/presidential-panel-on-the-future-of-ai-research/ AAAI 2025 Presidential Panel on the Future of AI Research] 
[https://spectrum.ieee.org/prompt-engineering-is-dead AI Prompt Engineering is Dead] Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum) 
[https://eng.bigai.ai/ Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI)] "Pursuing a Unified Theory of Artificial Intelligence to Create General Intelligent Agents for Lifting Humanity" '''but not based on foundation models'''; 
see also this insightful [https://www.theguardian.com/news/ng-interactive/2025/sep/16/song-chun-zhu-why-one-of-the-worlds-most-brilliant-ai-scientists-left-the-us-for-china article] about Song-Chun Zhu, the director of BIGAI, and his vision of the future of AI 
[http://agisi.org/Defs_intelligence.html Definitions of Artificial and Human Intelligence] 
[https://dynamicfieldtheory.org/ Dynamic Field Theory] 
[https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/57a9b97477b67936298489e3c1417b0a-Paper-Conference.pdf Energy Transformer] NeurIPS 2023 (note: ''Energy Transformers'' are not the same as ''Energy-Based Transformers'') 
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02092 Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers] arXiv:2507.02092 (Note: ''Energy-Based Transformers'' are not the same as ''Energy Transformers'') 
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02217 Hopfield Networks is All You Need] arXiv:2008.02217 
[https://ml-jku.github.io/hopfield-layers/ Hopfield Networks is All You Need] blog post 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2023/nov/01/how-ai-chatbots-like-chatgpt-or-bard-work-visual-explainer How AI chatbots like ChatGPT or Bard work – visual explainer] 
[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/26/technology/ai-reasoning-chatgpt-deepseek.html How Artificial Intelligence Reasons] New York Times 
[https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=10897 IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Workshop 2022] 
[https://ibm.github.io/neuro-symbolic-ai/events/ns-summerschool2022/ IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Summer School] 
[https://laion.ai/ LAION] Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network 
[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/15/techscape-google-chatbot-lamda-sentient-artificial-intelligence LaMDA], Google natural language foundation model 
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.05876.pdf Neurosymbolic AI: The Third Wave] 
[https://github.com/norvig/paip-lisp Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp] open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992) 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21EYKqUsPfg Richard Sutton – Father of RL thinks LLMs are a dead end], an interview with Dwarkesh Patel; also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwhHUQuqiaQ Richard Sutton and Dwarkesh Patel – speaking two different languages] for an explanation of their different perspectives 
[https://www.aaai.org/Magazine/Watson/watson.php The AI behind Watson] 
[https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/ What Is ChatGPT Doing ... and Why Does It Work?] (and a lot more besides) by Stephen Wolfram 
[https://www.darpa.mil/program/explainable-artificial-intelligence XAI] Explainable Artificial Intelligence 
[https://medium.com/syncedreview/yann-lecun-cake-analogy-2-0-a361da560dae Yann LeCun Cake Analogy 2.0] 
[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/mamba-model What is a Mamba model?] 
[https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/agentic-ai/ What is Agentic AI?] AWS 
[https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/agentic-ai What is Agentic AI?] IBM 

=== Humour ===
[https://lafavephilosophy.x10host.com/meat_in_space.html Meat in Space] By Terry Bisson, from a set of stories entitled Alien/Nation

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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-=== Origins ===
+== Origins ==
 [https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904 A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955] <BR>
 [https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/aimagazine/article/view/950 Foundations and Grand Challenges of Artificial Intelligence: AAAI Presidential Address] Raj Reddy (1988) <BR>
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 [https://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil201/Searle.pdf The Chinese Room]<BR>
-=== AI in Society ===
+== AI in Society ==
 [[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence.
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 [https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf White Paper on Artificial Intelligence] from the European Commission <BR>
-=== AI in Business ===
+== AI in Business ==
 [https://landing.ai/resources/ai-transformation-playbook/ AI Transformation Playbook] <BR>
 [https://hbr.org/2018/01/artificial-intelligence-for-the-real-world Artificial Intelligence for the Real World] A Harvard Business Review perspective on using artificial cognitive capabilities in business<BR>
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of  [https://partsol.com/ Partsol], articulating a visionary stance on the importance of the European AI Act, and the benefits of a symbiosis of innovation and regulation in AI, especially where trustworthy AI is paramount (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here]).<BR>
-=== AI Education ===
+== AI Education ==
-(Also see [[#Tutorials|Tutorials]].)<BR>
 [https://ai-4-all.org/ AI4ALL]<BR>
 [http://AI4K12.org AI4K12]<BR>
@@ Line 54: / Line 53: @@
 [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382456 Inside AI: An Algorithmic Adventure]. Published by UNESCO, this is a graphic novel, for people who want to understand AI and its impact on society. <BR> Note: this is an intentionally inclusive book, in all the best senses of the term. For that alone, it's worth reading. <BR>
-=== State of AI ===
+== State of AI ==
 [https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-index-2025 12 Graphs That Explain the State of AI in 2025] <BR>
 [https://aiindex.stanford.edu/ The AI Index 2025] Stanford University - Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence<BR>
@@ Line 67: / Line 66: @@
 [https://karpathy.github.io/2022/03/14/lecun1989/ Deep Neural Nets: 33 years ago and 33 years from now] a blog by Andrej Karpathy <BR>
-=== Limitations of Generative AI ===
+== Limitations of Generative AI ==
 (But also see [[#Foundation_Models:_Large_Language_Models_.26_Multimodal_Models|Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal_Models]] and [[#Vision-Language-Action_Models|Vision-Language-Action Models]])
@@ Line 97: / Line 96: @@
 [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/09/crosswords/why-youre-better-than-a-computer-at-solving-connections.html Why You’re Better Than a Computer at Solving Connections] Shafik Quoraishee, New York Times<BR>
-=== Ethics in AI ===
+== Ethics in AI ==
 [https://www.ajl.org/ Algorithmic Justice League]  <BR>
 [https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/assessment-list-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-altai-self-assessment Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for self-assessment]<BR>
@@ Line 106: / Line 105: @@
 [https://clawar.org/conference-proceedings/icres-conference/  International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards ICRES]<BR>
-=== European Union AI Act ===
+== European Union AI Act ==
 [[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-on-the-proposal-for-an-ai-act/ HumanE-AI-net website]) <BR>
 [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/second-tutorial-on-the-ai-act/ Second Tutorial on the AI Act] prepared by [https://lsts.research.vub.be/gianmarco-gori Giancarlo Gori], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the  AI Act for human-centric AI.<BR>
@@ Line 116: / Line 115: @@
 [https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/eu-ai-act-irish-innovation-regulation-us-partsol Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation] <BR>
-=== AI Applications and Resources ===
+== AI Applications and Resources ==
 [https://colab.research.google.com/?utm_source=scs-index Colab] from Google <BR>
 [https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/12/256930-digital-agriculture-for-small-scale-producers/fulltext Digital Agriculture for Small-Scale Producers: Challenges and Opportunities] CACM (2021) <BR>
 [https://www.bentoml.com/blog/a-guide-to-open-source-image-generation-models A Guide to Open-Source Image Generation Models]<BR>
-=== AI Science and Technology ===
+== AI Science and Technology ==
 [[File:new.jpg]] [https://aaai.org/about-aaai/presidential-panel-on-the-future-of-ai-research/ AAAI 2025 Presidential Panel on the Future of AI Research] <BR>
 [https://spectrum.ieee.org/prompt-engineering-is-dead AI Prompt Engineering is Dead] Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum) <BR>
@@ Line 149: / Line 148: @@
 [https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/agentic-ai What is Agentic AI?] IBM <BR>
-=== Humour ===
+== Humour ==
 [https://lafavephilosophy.x10host.com/meat_in_space.html Meat in Space] By Terry Bisson, from a set of stories entitled Alien/Nation <BR>

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 === Origins ===
 [https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904 A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955] <BR>

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 == Artificial Intelligence ==
+[[File:new.jpg]] signifies a recently added item
 === Origins ===
 [https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1904 A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955] <BR>