Artificial Intelligence
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Contents
Origins
A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955
Foundations and Grand Challenges of Artificial Intelligence: AAAI Presidential Address Raj Reddy (1988)
MYCIN expert system for infectious disease therapy A milestone in AI
MYCIN Book
Natural selection and the emergence of mind Speech by Karl Popper about Charles Darwin
The Chinese Room
AI in Society
AI Act Tutorial, prepared by Mireille Hildebrandt, Radboud University, for the HumanE-AI-net European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence.
AI FORA - AI for Assessment
AI for Good Foundation
AI for Good Global Summit
AI in Europe
A.I. Is Starting to Wear Down Democracy New York Times
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Africa
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Machine Learning in Africa
Black in AI
Cooperative AI Foundation
Data Embassies and Digital Sovereignty Explained
Feeding the Machine: The Hidden Human Labour Powering AI (edited extract) and An interview with the authors
From fear to action: AI governance and opportunities for all Frontiers in Computer Science Opinion Article
Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations featuring Ubuntu philosophy and maximum feasible participation
Next Time You Consult an A.I. Chatbot, Remember One Thing
No god in the machine: the pitfalls of AI worship
OECD National AI policies & strategies
The Fourth Industrial Revolution - what it means and how to respond
The One Danger That Should Unite the U.S. and China; also see Tom Friedman’s A.I. Nightmare and What the U.S. Can Do to Avoid It
The rise of the deepfake and the threat to democracy
The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Nature Communications (2020)
White Paper on Artificial Intelligence from the European Commission
AI in Business
AI Transformation Playbook
Artificial Intelligence for the Real World A Harvard Business Review perspective on using artificial cognitive capabilities in business
How to choose your first AI project Andrew Ng in Harvard Business Review 2019
Sizing the prize What's the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise? PWC report
Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland
An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of Partsol, articulating a visionary stance on the importance of the European AI Act, and the benefits of a symbiosis of innovation and regulation in AI, especially where trustworthy AI is paramount (pdf version here).
AI Education
(Also see Tutorials.)
AI4ALL
AI4K12
FIRST: A global robotics community preparing young people for the future
MinnaLearn Three popular courses: Elements of AI, Building AI, and AI for Built Environment
[Neuromatch Academy: courses on computational neuroscience, neuroAI, and deep learning.
NB: course costs are dependent on location (e.g., cost for students in Rwanda are ten times less than costs for students in Ireland).
Teaching AI to young people
The Artificial Intelligence Wiki A Beginner’s Guide to Important Topics in AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning.
Inside AI: An Algorithmic Adventure. Published by UNESCO, this is a graphic novel, for people who want to understand AI and its impact on society.
Note: this is an intentionally inclusive book, in all the best senses of the term. For that alone, it's worth reading.
State of AI
12 Graphs That Explain the State of AI in 2025
The AI Index 2025 Stanford University - Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence
AI at a Crossroads.
Artificial Intelligence’s Grand Challenges: Past, Present, and Future Ganesh Mani (2021).
Artificial Intelligence - Past, Present, and Future.
Artificial Intelligence — The Revolution Hasn’t Happened Yet by Michael I. Jordan, with commentaries
Cooperative AI Open Problems.
Will the Future of AI Learning Depend More on Nature or Nurture? Yann LeCun and Gary Marcus debate
A.I. Videos Have Never Been Better. Can You Tell What’s Real?
AI 2027 D. Kokotajlo, S. Alexander, T. Larsen, E. Lifland, and R. Dean "predict that the impact of superhuman AI over the next decade will be enormous, exceeding that of the Industrial Revolution"
Deep Neural Nets: 33 years ago and 33 years from now a blog by Andrej Karpathy
Limitations of Generative AI
(But also see Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal_Models and Vision-Language-Action Models)
AI has a loose relationship with the truth Jaime Fernández Fisac, IEEE Spectrum (longer version)
A.I. Is Getting More Powerful, but Its Hallucinations Are Getting Worse
"AI is neither artificial nor intelligent" Interview with Kate Crawford, author of Atlas of AI
Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity Drew McDermott's old (1974) but still relevant plea for more critical self-appraisal by AI researchers (see, especially, the last section "Benediction").
AI-assisted plagiarism? ChatGPT bot says it has an answer for that - ChatGPT: "It looks like a confident bullshitter that can write very convincing nonsense".
Beware the ‘botshit’: why generative AI is such a real and imminent threat to the way we live
Can ChatGPT-like Generative Models Guarantee Factual Accuracy? On the Mistakes of Microsoft’s New Bing
Can computers learn common sense?
ChatGPT/LLM Errors
ChatGPT fails
Crochet enthusiasts asked ChatGPT for patterns. The results are ‘cursed’
Epistemological Fault Lines Between Human and Artificial Intelligence This arXiv article nails the core weakness of LLMs and generative AI
Ernest Davis LLM-Failures wiki
From fear to action: AI governance and opportunities for all Frontiers in Computer Science Opinion Article
How Trustworthy Are Large Language Models Like GPT? Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence
LLM failure archive (ChatGPT and beyond)
Misinformation, mistakes and the Pope in a puffer: what rapidly evolving AI can – and can’t – do
Next Time You Consult an A.I. Chatbot, Remember One Thing
Review of John Haugland's "Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea" by John McCarthy
TechScape: why you shouldn’t worry about sentient AI … yet
The Stupidity of AI ChatGPT is "inherently stupid ... it has no relation to reality whatsoever."
This is not the AI we were promised | The Royal Society Michael Woolridge's 2025 Faraday Prize Lecture (if you're short of time, fast forward to here)
US admits 'unfortunate error' after mislabelling countries on map of Africa (which was generated with an AI tool)
What DALL-E 2 can and cannot do by LessWrong. Notice in the first image the physical implausibility of the mannequin fingers morphing into folds in the dress.
What to Expect When You’re Expecting … GPT-4 by Gary Marcus (who, in 2022, makes seven accurate predictions about the weaknesses of yet-to-be-released GPT-4).
Why You’re Better Than a Computer at Solving Connections Shafik Quoraishee, New York Times
Ethics in AI
Algorithmic Justice League
Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for self-assessment
Deep fakes: one element of the dark side of AI and ML
Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI from the European Commission
Ethical issues in AI
Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges
International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards ICRES
European Union AI Act
AI Act Tutorial, prepared by Mireille Hildebrandt, Radboud University, for the HumanE-AI-net European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the HumanE-AI-net website)
Second Tutorial on the AI Act prepared by Giancarlo Gori, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the AI Act for human-centric AI.
EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence Overview of the AI Act from the European Parliament
The Time to (AI) Act is Now: A Practical Guide to the AI Act by William Fry, Irish corporate law firm
Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers European Commission
Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland
An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of Partsol (pdf version here)
Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation
AI Applications and Resources
Colab from Google
Digital Agriculture for Small-Scale Producers: Challenges and Opportunities CACM (2021)
A Guide to Open-Source Image Generation Models
AI Science and Technology
AAAI 2025 Presidential Panel on the Future of AI Research
AI Prompt Engineering is Dead Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum)
Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI) "Pursuing a Unified Theory of Artificial Intelligence to Create General Intelligent Agents for Lifting Humanity" but not based on foundation models;
see also this insightful article about Song-Chun Zhu, the director of BIGAI, and his vision of the future of AI
Definitions of Artificial and Human Intelligence
Dynamic Field Theory
Energy Transformer NeurIPS 2023 (note: Energy Transformers are not the same as Energy-Based Transformers)
Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers arXiv:2507.02092 (Note: Energy-Based Transformers are not the same as Energy Transformers)
Hopfield Networks is All You Need arXiv:2008.02217
Hopfield Networks is All You Need blog post
How AI chatbots like ChatGPT or Bard work – visual explainer
How Artificial Intelligence Reasons New York Times
IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Workshop 2022
IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Summer School
LAION Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network
LaMDA, Google natural language foundation model
Neurosymbolic AI: The Third Wave
Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992)
Richard Sutton – Father of RL thinks LLMs are a dead end, an interview with Dwarkesh Patel; also watch Richard Sutton and Dwarkesh Patel – speaking two different languages for an explanation of their different perspectives
The AI behind Watson
What Is ChatGPT Doing ... and Why Does It Work? (and a lot more besides) by Stephen Wolfram
XAI Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Yann LeCun Cake Analogy 2.0
What is a Mamba model?
What is Agentic AI? AWS
What is Agentic AI? IBM
Humour
Meat in Space By Terry Bisson, from a set of stories entitled Alien/Nation
