Difference between revisions of "Links"

(Also see Tutorials.)
AI4ALL
AI4K12
FIRST: A global robotics community preparing young people for the future
MinnaLearn Three popular courses: Elements of AI, Building AI, and AI for Built Environment
Neuromatch Academy: courses on computational neuroscience, neuroAI, and deep learning.
NB: course costs are dependent on location (e.g., cost for students in Rwanda are ten times less than costs for students in Ireland).
Teaching AI to young people
The Artificial Intelligence Wiki A Beginner’s Guide to Important Topics in AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning.
Inside AI: An Algorithmic Adventure. Published by UNESCO, this is a graphic novel, for people who want to understand AI and its impact on society.
Note: this is an intentionally inclusive book, in all the best senses of the term. For that alone, it's worth reading.

European Union AI Act

AI Act Tutorial, prepared by Mireille Hildebrandt, Radboud University, for the HumanE-AI-net European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the HumanE-AI-net website)
Second Tutorial on the AI Act prepared by Giancarlo Gori, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the AI Act for human-centric AI.
EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence Overview of the AI Act from the European Parliament
The Time to (AI) Act is Now: A Practical Guide to the AI Act by William Fry, Irish corporate law firm
Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers European Commission
Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of Partsol (pdf version here)
Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation

AI Applications and Resources

Colab from Google
Digital Agriculture for Small-Scale Producers: Challenges and Opportunities CACM (2021)
A Guide to Open-Source Image Generation Models

AI Science and Technology

AI Prompt Engineering is Dead Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum)
Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI) "Pursuing a Unified Theory of Artificial Intelligence to Create General Intelligent Agents for Lifting Humanity" but not based on foundation models;
see also this insightful article about Song-Chun Zhu, the director of BIGAI, and his vision of the future of AI
Definitions of Artificial and Human Intelligence
Dynamic Field Theory
Energy Transformer NeurIPS 2023 (note: Energy Transformers are not the same as Energy-Based Transformers)
Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers arXiv:2507.02092 (Note: Energy-Based Transformers are not the same as Energy Transformers)
Hopfield Networks is All You Need arXiv:2008.02217
Hopfield Networks is All You Need blog post
How AI chatbots like ChatGPT or Bard work – visual explainer
How Artificial Intelligence Reasons New York Times
IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Workshop 2022
IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Summer School
LAION Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network
LaMDA, Google natural language foundation model
Neurosymbolic AI: The Third Wave
Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992)
Richard Sutton – Father of RL thinks LLMs are a dead end, an interview with Dwarkesh Patel; also watch Richard Sutton and Dwarkesh Patel – speaking two different languages for an explanation of their different perspectives
The AI behind Watson
What Is ChatGPT Doing ... and Why Does It Work? (and a lot more besides) by Stephen Wolfram
XAI Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Yann LeCun Cake Analogy 2.0
What is Agentic AI? AWS
What is Agentic AI? IBM

Humour

Meat in Space By Terry Bisson, from a set of stories entitled Alien/Nation

Autonomy

Principles of Biological Autonomy By Francisco J. Varela, Edited by Ezequiel A. Di Paolo, Evan Thompson.

Cognitive Robotics

Cognitive Robotics Resources (list of links)
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Technical Committee for Cognitive Robotics

Computer Vision

2-Dimensional Motion Perception in humans; seminal video from the 1970s.
Andrej Karpathy's course CS231n Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition
Attention: SALICON eye-tracking dataset
Attention: scan-path prediction
Autonomous Road Following Application, Use case demo (its the second last video in the right sidebar)
Bag of Features Descriptor
Biological Motion clip from Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
Biological Motion II
Deep Learning for Computer Vision with Python; great book and software, including a fully-configured virtual machine.
Detection of ArUco Markers with OpenCV 4.7
Egocentric vision resources
Head Eye Tracking
How to install OpenCV with pip
OpenCV Python example of contour features
OpenMV camera
Cartographer SLAM software from Google
The Affective Growth of Computer Vision
The Ancient Secrets of Computer Vision J. C. Redmon's cool computer vision course at the University of Washington, Spring 2018
Understanding NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegitation Index) and other indices in remote sensing for assessing plant health
YOLO: Real-Time Object Detection

Control

PID control
Why does a proportional controller have a steady state error
Why Learn Control Theory video with links to several follow-on videos on all aspects of control theory
Control Bootcamp: Overview video with links to several follow-on videos on all aspects of control theory

Copyright

Copyright & Fair Use Carnegie Mellon University Africa
Fair Use Policy Carnegie Mellon University Africa
Fair Use in the Copyright Act
Fair Use and Other Educational Uses The University of Chicago
Educational Uses of Non-coursepack Materials Stanford University

Cybernetics and System Dynamics

Complicated vs. Complex A Note on the Difference Between Complicated and Complex Social Systems by Roberto Poli
David Wolpert's website
Dynamic Field Theory
Developing Dynamic Field Theory Architectures for Embodied Cognitive Systems with cedar
Gordon Pask Archive
Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics Heinz von Foerster
Karl Popper Natural selection and the emergence of mind
Paul Pangaro
Paul Pangaro - The Design of Ethical Interfaces
System Dynamics Society
W. Ross Ashby Digital Archive

Cycling

Articles

Cycling About with great articles
The Rules
Most People Don't Know How Bikes Work (and the need to counter-steer; see also this article on gyroscopic precession)

Bikes

Enigma Bicycle Works
Storck Bikes

Bike Maintenance

Crank & Bearing Removal and Installation - Campagnolo® Ultra-Torque™
FLAT! How to fix a tubular tire on the side of the road
How to change Campagnolo hoods
How to Wrap Handlebars for Road Bikes
How To Install A Campagnolo Rear Derailleur
SILCA Pro Tire Pressure Calculator
The complete guide to bottom bracket standards

Bike Shops

Great Bike Shop in Dubai
Great Bike Shop in Dublin
Great Bike Shop in Kigali

Equipment and Kit

Sturmey Archer S2C Duomatic
Musguard
Carbonfibre-like Insoles
Thermosoles
Assos
Assos Factory Outlet
Guide to studded bike tyres
How to install OpenStreetMap on your Garmin
Rotor Q-Rings reviewand here is what Joe Friel thinks of them
Tacx NEO 2T Smart Trainer In-Depth Review

Events and Routes

11 of the best cycling challenges in Ireland
Biking in Rwanda - Downloads and Interactive Maps by Kaspar Kundert
Cyclo Calendar
Donegal Cycle Route
EuroVelo 1 - Atlantic Coast Route
GPSies Routes including file format conversion, e.g. GPS to TCX.
Grand Trophee Cycling Events
Race around Rwanda with an alternative non-competitive Journey around Rwanda
The Complete Guide to the Congo Nile Trail Ebook
The Congo Nile Trail with satellite maps and elevation profiles for each stage.
Basic Kinyarwanda for the Congo Nile Trail and Beyond
The Ring of Kerry Charity Cycle and the route on Strava
The Wild Atlantic Way
Vätternrundan in Sweden
Royal Canal Greenway and map

Guides and Rentals

Cork Bike Rental Ireland
Lucca Cycling Club Italy

Nutrition

Glycemic Index Lists
Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Repletion, Muscle Protein Synthesis and Repair Following Exercise

Organizations

Randonneurs Sverige

Services

The English Cyclist Modern Cycling Prints
Combine FIT, GPX, CSV or TCX files for Strava or Garmin

Engineering Education

A Whole New Engineer: a different way to approach effective teaching and learning (watch the video)
Bloom's Taxonomy original and revised
CS2023: ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI Computer Science Curricula and a paper describing community engagementby the ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI Joint Task Force
Epic Education Foundation
Epic Challenge Talk Siemens NASA Boeing Keynote on Educating the Next Generation, with Bill Boswell, Charles Camarda, and Michael Richey
Epic Challenge Lecture by Charles Camarda (video)
Epic Methodology introduction to the Innovative Conceptual Engineering Design (ICED) methodology (text)
Epic Methodology introduction to the Innovative Conceptual Engineering Design (ICED) methodology (video)
Open-book assessments: dos and don’ts that foster good practice
Project Management for PhDs
Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area
Methodology: 2023-2024 Best Engineering Schools Rankings

Engineering Mathematics

The ten best linear algebra books
Introduction to Independent Component Analysis - Barnabás Póczos, University of Alberta
Subspace Methods for Visual Learning and Recognition ECCV 2002 Tutorial (short version) - Horst Bischof and Ales Leonardis
Subspace Methods for Visual Learning and Recognition ECCV 2002 Tutorial (full version) - Horst Bischof and Ales Leonardis
Fast ICA
FastICA C Implementation

Free Energy Principle and Active Inference

Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior an open access book by Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo,and Karl J. Friston
The free energy principle for action and perception: A mathematical review and ArXiv paper by Christopher L. Buckley, Chang Sub Kim, Simon McGregor, Anil K. Seth
Friston's Free Energy Principle Explained (part 1) by Jared Tumiel
Spinning Up in Active Inference and the Free Energy Principle by Jared Tumiel
The Lure of Free Energy by Wolfgang Schwarz (blog)
God Help Us, Let’s Try To Understand Friston on Free Energy by Scott Alexander [blog]
Book Review of Andy Clarke's Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind by Scott Alexander
Tutorial on Active Inference by Oleg Solopchuk

Fountain Pens

The Parker 51
Parker 51 History
The Evolution of the Sheaffer Inlaid Nib 1959-Present

Graphs and Networks

Network Science by Albert-Laszalo Barabasi
Other Books by Albert-Laszalo Barabasi
GraphViz graph visualization

Helping People in Need

MindLeaps
The GLO Africa Tour 2018

History of Technology

Reverse engineering Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator

Information Theory

Shannon Entropy and Information Gain Intuitive video introduction to the concept of entropy and the equation for entropy
A Short Introduction to Entropy, Cross-Entropy and KL-Divergence Intuitive video introduction to these concepts and their use in machine learning

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
EIT ICT Labs
EIT Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KIC) Educational Activities Final Report

Ireland

1916 Easter Rising a collection of essays on the 1916 Easter Rising, the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and the Irish Civil War (1922 - 1923), leading to the creation of the Republic of Ireland in 1949
11 of the best cycling challenges in Ireland
Ireland: a history of British colonial rule in Ireland
Allie Sherlock and Fionn Whelan sing Hallelujah on Grafton Street
Cork Bike Rental Ireland
Cycling the Wild Atlantic Way by Rolling Resistance
Cycling the Wild Atlantic Way by David Vernon
Donegal Cycle Route
EuroVelo 1 - Atlantic Coast Route
Freewheeling Local bike shop in Dublin
Iarnrod Eireann / Irish Rail Journey Planner
Irish 101: An Introduction to Irish Language and Culture
Irish Collectables and Memorabilia A collection of memorabilia from Irish history
Irish Culture A Five Minute Talk at Carnegie Mellon University Africa in 2023
Long-Distance Walking Trails in Ireland
Remembering The 1916 Rising A collection of information and memorabilia commemorating the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland
The Craic
The Crock of Gold by James Stephens
The EPIC untold story behind Fairytale of New York
The Wild Atlantic Way
The Wild Atlantic Way Alternative Site
The Wild Atlantic Way Map by Google
The Wild Atlantic Way Map by Discover Ireland
The Wild Atlantic Way Map by Failte Ireland
The Wild Atlantic Way Pocket Map
The Wild Atlantic Way Pocket Route Atlas
Transport for Ireland Journey Planner
You Don't Get To Be Racist and Irish a brilliant poem recited by Imelda May from her book A Lick and a Promise

LaTeX

Get LaTeX here
MacTeX for MacOS
PlotNeuralNet LaTeX code for making neural networks diagrams (and a helpful blog about it)
TeXworks is a lightweight GUI front-end (MacTeX doesn't come with a GUI). Note: you'll have to set TeXworks Preferences > Typesetting to specify where the MacTeX binaries have been installed, e.g. /usr/local/texlive/2016/bin/x86_64-darwin.
Tufte-Latex Classes for producing books in the style of Edward R. Tufte (this is how I typeset my book Artificial Cognitive Systems - A Primer, published by MIT Press)
Drawing in LaTeX using TikZ
TikZ examples
The 3D Plot package for TikZ
The Listings Package
NASA LaTeX Docs with great examples and templates
Creating questionnaires with LaTeX from Sven Hartenstein
The tabularx package

Lisp

Common Lisp: A Gentle Introduction to Symbolic Computation by David Touretzky
Land of Lisp
On Lisp by Paul Graham
ANSI Common Lisp by Paul Graham
Lisp Tutorial (Chapter 2 of ANSI Common Lisp by Paul Graham)
Practical Common Lisp
Functional programming for the rest of us
Paul Graham's website ... go here if you want to challenge and change your views on programming, Lisp, and life (start with the essays)
Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992)
Common Lisp REPL Exploration Guide

Mac

How to troubleshoot an external drive
Common MacOS Catalina problems and how to fix them
SVN is deprecated in MacOS Catalina; here are ways to fix it
Taking Screenshots in OS X
OS X keyboard shortcuts
Open Source Mac Software
HyperJuice Batteries
HyperJuice Batteries in Europe
How to access files from an Ubuntu virtual machine in VirtualBox
How to access a web cam from an Ubuntu virtual machine in VirtualBox
You may need to first install the VirtualBox Extension Pack which provides support for USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 devices
Emacs for Mac OS X
Disable photoanalysisd
Reset the SMC of your Mac
How to Fix USB Accessories Disabled on Mac
How to Type Letters with Accents on Mac

Machine Learning

(Also see Artificial Intelligence and Robotics)

Bayesian Approaches

A Gentle Introduction to Bayesian Belief Networks

Books and Resources

Data Science and Machine Learning; free book to download
Deep Learning by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville
Hugging Face "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications"
Model-based Machine Learning, co-authored by Chris Bishop, and the related Infer.NET framework running Bayesian inference in graphical models
Model-based Machine Learning Companion Paper, C. M. Bishop, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2013 371: 20120222; see Section 4. for an overview of probabilistic graphical models.
Deep Learning for Computer Vision with Python; great book and software, including a fully-configured virtual machine.

Comparisons

Classifier Comparison with instructive visualization
Computer Scientist Explains Machine Learning in 5 Levels of Difficulty
Neural Network Zoo from Fjodor van Veen, The Asimov Institute
Neural Network Zoo Prequel: Cells and Layers with more detail on how each cell type works

Datasets

Hugging Face "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications"
Kaggle Facial Expression Recognition dataset FER13

Deep Learning

Deep Learning overview
Neural Networks and Deep Learning
On the Origin of Deep Learning Haohan Wang and Bhiksha Raj
The original paper on the CNN by Yann LeCun, Leon Bottio, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner

Environments

Colab from Google
Hugging Face "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications"
Using Keras and TensorFlow for Anomaly Detection (including the use of LSTM)

Ethical Issues

Deep fakes: one element of the dark side of AI and ML
The rise of the deepfake and the threat to democracy
The Tank Story

Gaussian Processes

Gaussian processes - Visual exploration of Gaussian processes
Gaussian processes - Interactive Gaussian process visualization
Gaussian processes - Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning (Rasmussen and Williams, 2006)
Gaussian processes - The Kernel Cookbook: Advice on Covariance functions
Gaussian processes - An intuitive guide to Gaussian processes
Gaussian processes - An Intuitive Tutorial to Gaussian Processes Regression (Wang, 2022)
Gaussian processes - Introduction to Gaussian Processes Video Lecture (Nando de Freitas, 2013)

Generative Adversarial Networks

GAN Series; comprehensive overview of Generative Adversarial Networks

Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal Models

(Also see Vision-Language-Action Models and Limitations of AI)

Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI) "Pursuing a Unified Theory of Artificial Intelligence to Create General Intelligent Agents for Lifting Humanity" but not based on foundation models;
see also this insightful article about Song-Chun Zhu, the director of BIGAI, and his vision of the future of AI
Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers arXiv:2507.02092
A robot wrote this entire article. Are you scared yet, human? GPT-3
How Trustworthy Are Large Language Models Like GPT? Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence
Music publishers sue Amazon-backed AI company over song lyrics
Sarah Silverman sues OpenAI and Meta claiming AI training infringed copyright
TechScape: why you shouldn’t worry about sentient AI … yet
Meta steps up AI battle with OpenAI and Google with release of Llama 3
DALL·E 3 Generative AI image creation from OpenAI
Large Language Models explained briefly by Grant Sanderson, 3Blue1Brown
Stable Diffusion Generative AI image creation from Stability AI
Midjourney Generative AI image creation from from Midjourney Inc.
GPT-4 and ChatGPT from OpenAI
Llama 3 from Meta
Gemini (formerly known as BARD) from Google
LaMDA and the Sentient AI Trap
Collaborative AI Arena Benchmarking collaborative capabilities of AI in the wild
TrueReason AI Tutor Demo
Three Things to Know About Prompting LLMs
AI Prompt Engineering is Dead Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum)
What is In-context Learning, and how does it work: The Beginner’s Guide
What Is Retrieval-Augmented Generation, aka RAG? a blog by Nvidia; here is how Chat LangChain from LangChain explains it using Claude 3.5 Haiku, GPT4.1 Mini and Gemini 2.0 Flash
Methods for adapting large language models from Meta
Molmo Multimodal Open Language Model built by Ai2
On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models arXiv article

Physics Informed Machine Learning

High Level Overview of AI and ML in Science and Engineering

Recurrent Neural Networks

Illustrated guide to LSTMs and GRUs: a step by step explanation
Introducing Deep Learning and Long Short-Term Memory Networks
The original paper on the LSTM by Sepp Hochreiter and Jurgen Schmidhuber
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks a blog by Andrej Karpathy
Andrej Karpathy's Blog
Understanding LSTMs

Reinforcement Learning

A (Long) Peek into Reinforcement Learning
Learning to Optimize with Reinforcement Learning and learning to learn
Learning to Optimize

Robot Learning

Robot Learning a talk by Jan Peters
Human-Interactive Robot Learning a course developed in Micro Project TMP-038 as part of the HumanE-AI-Net Network of Excellence (click the Home text at the top-right of the page to access the slides)

Self-Supervised Learning

Self-supervised Learning Andrew Zisserman
Yann LeCun Cake Analogy 2.0; the slides from his ISCC talk are here and the video of the talk is here

Transformers

Energy Transformer NeurIPS 2023 (note: Energy Transformers are not the same as Energy-Based Transformers)
Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers arXiv:2507.02092 (Note: Energy-Based Transformers are not the same as Energy Transformers)
Multimodal Perception and Interaction with Transformers HumanE-AI-Net Micro Project
Multimodal Perception and Interaction with Transformers Tutorial Presented at ACAI 2021
Multimodal Perception and Interaction with Transformers Research Tools
Multimodal Perception with Transformers Research Challenges and Data Sets
The Illustrated Transformer by Jay Alammar

Neuroscience

Did you know that multisensory integration develops late in humans, including visuo-auditory integration and visuo-haptic integration?
Has dopamine got us hooked on technology?
How a synapse works, part of an online course on the fundamentals of neuroscience
Human memory may be unreliable after just a few seconds
The Brain A video of Paul Anderson explaining the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the brain
The Neuron A video of Paul Anderson explaining the anatomy (structure) of the neuron

Quantum Computing

Google unveils ‘mindboggling’ quantum computing chip
Google’s Quantum Computer Makes a Major Breakthrough in Error Correction with a deeper analysis of this breakthrough
The Limits of Quantum Computers which dispels some of the hype around quantum computing

Robotics

(Also see Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)

Cognitive Robotics

IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Technical Committee for Cognitive Robotics
Cognitive Robotics Resources separate list of links

Competitions

PARC - Pan-African Robotics Competition

Conferences

IROS 2024 Opening Ceremony Video

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Best Practices in Robotics Education IEEE RAS Women in Robotics Panel Discussion
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee
Black in Robotics Building Community, Advocating for Diversity, Encouraging Accountability
Black in Robotics Special Series at IROS 2020
Science Robotics Special Issue: Highlighting diversity, equity, and inclusion in the field of robotics
The No Excuses List Women Faculty in Robotics
Women in Robotics

Featured Robots

Beatbots, including Keepon Pro
Elegoo robot car
Elegoo Tumbller
Eva: facially expressive humanoid robotic head and demonstration video
Franka Emika Robot
Haru: An Experimental Social Robot From Honda Research
iRobot Create 2
iRobot Create 3
Lynxmotion AL5D 4DOF Robot Arm
Makeblock robot kits
Meca500 robot arm
Quanser QArm 4 dof
ROSA ONE Brain: a robotic platform to assist surgeons in planning and performing complex neurosurgical procedures in a minimally invasive manner

Humanoid Robots

Invasion of the Home Humanoid Robots New York Times (read carefully; it's not what it appears to be)
"It’s the robot we were all expecting – like C3PO": why aren’t humanoids in our homes yet?
The Importance of Being Humanoid

Industry

Anki, Jibo, and Kuri: what we can learn from social robots that didn't make it
Awarri "Our mission is to enable the development and adoption of advanced AI & Robotics technology on the African continent"
Intrinsic a new Alphabet company dedicated to facilitating widespread deployment of robotics
The real cost of robotics

Navigation

A* Algorithm: a great place to begin
A* Pages: super place to learn more
A* algorithm graphic interactive demo
Pathfinding in maps: graphic interactive demo of
Path planning with A* and RRT & RRT*

Origins

Theseus Claude E. Shannon's 1950 maze-learning mouse robot

Research

EASE - Everyday Activity Science & Engineering: how human-scale manipulation tasks can be mastered by robotic agents
Maria Petrou's Ironing Robot Challenge

Resources

Awesome Robotics: a list of various books, courses and other resources for robotics
Cognitive Robotics Resources separate list of links
Human-Robot Interaction - An Introduction An online textbook by C. Bartneck, T. Belpaeme, F. Eyssel, T. Kanda, M. Keijsers, and S. Šabanović
IEEE guide to the world of robots (this is a new and improved version of what was already a great website)
IEEE Spectrum robotics features
RoboHub All the latest news about robotics
The Construct A Platform to Learn/Teach Robotics from Zero. Everything from robotics theory to ROS based robot programming
The Robotics Primer Workbook

Robot Learning

Robot Learning a talk by Jan Peters
Human-Interactive Robot Learning a course developed in Micro Project TMP-038 as part of the HumanE-AI-Net Network of Excellence (click the Home text at the top-right of the page to access the slides)

ROS

A Gentle Introduction to ROS

Shops

Active Robots online shop

Simulators

Bullet Real-Time Physics Simulation

Societal Impact and Ethics

Here’s why robots are actually going to increase human employment
International Conference Series on Robot Ethics and Standards
Principles of Robotics

STEM Education

Edison
Promoting Innovation in Rwanda through Robotics Education
STEM Robotics
Robotics in STEM Education: Redesigning the Learning Experience
Nine dimensions of STEM learning that can be supported by digital technologies PDF Report (2019)
Using Robotics and Game Design to Enhance Children’s Self-Efficacy, STEM Attitudes, and Computational Thinking Skills (2016)
Experiential learning of electronics subject matter in middle school robotics courses (2015)
Shape Robotics Fable robot
Robotics in Australian Schools with extensive list of robot resources, including Sphero, Edison, Ozobot, Makeblock, Bee-bot, Tetrix, Botley, Blue-bot, Cozmo, Strawbees
Tech-Labs STEM Robotics Education
The Steam Connection building the future, one robot at a time
Coderina Engaging Youth in STEM Exploration with FIRST® LEGO® League
Keza Education Future Lab for kids aged 3 to 14
Creativity Lab STEM education using robots
Design Challenge: Call for proposals to design a robotics program and toolkit to be implemented in Rwandan school curricula and the resultant pilot program with a post on X
Ghana Robotics Academy Foundation

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Sustainable Robotics

Vision-Language-Action Models

(Also see Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal_Models and Limitations of AI)

ChatGPT for Robotics: Design Principles and Model Abilities Microsoft article
PaLM-E: An embodied multimodal language model; also see palm-e.github.io
RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scale arXiv article on RT-1
Supplementary video for RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scale Video
RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control arXiv article on RT-2
RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models RT-2 website
RT-2: New model translates vision and language into action Google DeepMind Blog
RT-X: Scaling up learning across many different robot types
Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordances arXiv article on SayCan
Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordances SayCan website
Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models arXiv article on Open X-Embodiment
Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models Open X-Embodiment Website
Using an LLM to direct our robot Digit Agility Robotics video
Foundation Models in Robotics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future by Firoozi et al. on ArXiV and now in the International Journal of Robotics Research 2024
LEAP: LLM-Generation of Egocentric Action Programs
Robot Learning in the Era of Foundation Models: A Survey arXiv article
Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis arXiv article
Will generative AI transform robotics? Nature Machine Intelligence
Good old-fashioned engineering can close the 100,000-year “data gap” in robotics Ken Goldberg, Science Robotics

Self-Organization and Emergence

The Information Theory of Life
Complexity Explained
Complexity Explorables

Software Engineering

Software 2.0 a blog by Andrej Karpathy (it's from 2017, but still worth reading)
Programming Challenges by Steven Skiena and Miguel Revilla. . Online Judge
Paul Graham's website ... go here if you want to challenge and change your views on programming, Lisp, and life (start with the essays).
Journal of Software Engineering for Robotics
10 Quotes from David Parnas
How to write unmaintainable code
Absolute Beginners Guide to Emacs
ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct Official Repository
ACM/IEEE Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice Version 5.2, 2016
IEEE-CS/ACM Code of Ethics
Why don't people use formal methods?
Version control with Subversion (SNV)
Oliver Steele's explanation of the Git data transport commands (nice if you're used to Subversion)
BSD vs. GPL

Trinity College Dublin

Computer Science: Then and Now in honour of Professor John Byrne.
The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection

Tutorials

3Blue1Brown: The Essence of Calculus
3Blue1Brown: But what is a neural network? | Chapter 1, Deep learning
3Blue1Brown: Gradient descent, how neural networks learn | Chapter 2, Deep learning
3Blue1Brown: What is backpropagation really doing? | Chapter 3, Deep learning
3Blue1Brown: Backpropagation calculus | Chapter 4, Deep learning
How to create mathematical animations like 3blue1brown using Python
A (Long) Peek into Reinforcement Learning
Lisp Tutorial (Chapter 2 of ANSI Common Lisp by Paul Graham)
Automate the Boring Stuff: introduction to Python
What does a data scientist do?
Why Model?
Feynman on the Scientific Method
A brief introduction to graphical models and Bayesian networks
Visual attention: new directions in saliency research
The Poisson distribution and Poisson distribution problems
A Beginner's Guide to Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Cognitive Computing
Introducing Deep Learning and Long Short-Term Memory Networks
Using Keras and TensorFlow for Anomaly Detection (including the use of LSTM)
Illustrated guide to LSTMs and GRUs: a step by step explanation
Understanding LSTMs
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks
Neural Network Zoo from Fjodor van Veen, The Asimov Institute
Neural Network Zoo Prequel: Cells and Layers with more detail on how each cell type works
The Illustrated Transformer by Jay Alammar
TrinketIO: How to Embed a Python Interpreter in Your Website?

Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology

10 Influential Women in Engineering
Science: It's a Girl Thing This is object lesson on how not to think about women in science: ... so many stereotypes, so much bias, so very sad.
Barbie Robotics Engineer: inspiring girls to learn how to write software
Gender diversity in technology in Rwanda
IEEE Women in Engineering (WiE)
IEEE Robotics & Automation Society Women in Engineering (WiE)
IEEE Robotics & Automation Society - Women in Engineering (WiE) LinkedIn
International Women in Engineering Day
Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech Not specifically science, engineering, and technology, but a brilliant riposte to misogynistic attitudes and gender bias, in general
Levers in Heels Bringing visibility to African women in STEM
Life in The Largest Urban Slum | Delphine Nyaboke | TEDxKigali Women An inspirational TEDx talk by an engineer who triumphed despite the odds ... and yet, she still faces ongoing challenges, as do all her compatriots
On the gender gap in technology (read the last four paragraphs if you're short of time)
The five: unsung female scientists
The SHE++ website is gone, but you can still watch the video, check it on Facebook, or go to SHE++ London
Timeline of Women in Computing
The No Excuses List Women Faculty in Robotics

Writing

Composition

Henry Kissinger: "Is this the best you can do?" On the importance of exhaustive revision
Seven tips from Ernest Hemingway on how to write fiction Also useful for writing dissertations
The Bluestocking: On Writing Helen’s Big Rules of Writing
An example of inspirational writing: The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination 2008 Harvard Commencement Address by J. K. Rowling, the video, and the Very Good Lives book
An example of inspirational writing: 2024 Dartmouth Commencement Address by Roger Federer and a commentary in the New York Times
An example of great narrative writing: 'The good guys don’t always win': Salman Rushdie on peace, Barbie, and what freedom cost him.
An example of great technical writing: Scientific Background: The Brain’s Navigational Place and Grid Cell System (pdf)
Thinking in Threes: The Power of Three in Writing
The Rule of Three in Writing
Brevity: "I have made this longer than usual because I have not had time to make it shorter", Blaise Pascal, Lettres Provinciales, Lettre XVI; also see here and here for details, and here for variations on the theme.
White Papers and how to write them
What is satire? Comprehensive explanation with very helpful examples.

Style

The Elements of Style
Rules of English Style by Drew McDermott
Using the prime symbol to designate units
SI Unit rules and style conventions
Writing Numbers
5 am or 5 a.m. The Chicago Manual of Style on how to write abbreviations for ante meridiem (before noon) and post meridiem (after noon).
Is it 'neither is' or 'neither are'?
Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style
Axes: set the X, Y, and Z in capitals and italics, and use a hyphen.
Oxford Spelling and why using "-ize" rather than "-ise" is correct, even in British English.
To Beg the question explained (and why one should avoid phrases with esoteric or ambiguous meanings, even when used correctly)

Grammar

Clear explanation of the difference between the gerund and the present participle, i.e. words ending in "-ing"
On dangling prepositions and rules "up with which I will not put" (here is the Benjamin G. Zimmer article on the quotation)
Link Grammar a syntactic parser for the Link grammar of English, with a neat interactive sentence parser that identifies the parts of speech.

Punctuation

Punctuation rules: commas; also see Section 2 in The Elements of Style
Footnote markers are placed after the punctuation mark

Writing - The Benefits of Taking Handwritten Notes

The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking
The Benefits of No-Tech Note Taking
Why Writing by Hand Could Make You Smarter
... and on a related topic:
Kids learn better on paper, not screens

Odds and Ends

100 Photos - The most influential images of all time. The link to the original Time website is broken
A Short Guide to Sharing Pronouns for Trans Allies
Administratium
Apophenia
Baking Powder versus Baking Soda (Bicarbonate of Soda))
Battery University
Bing Crosby & David Bowie Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy duet
Breaking waves audio
Bubble-sort folk dance
Claude E. Shannon Founder of Information Theory
Complicated vs. Complex A Note on the Difference Between Complicated and Complex Social Systems by Roberto Poli
Covid-19 pandemic: Tracking the global coronavirus outbreak
Dilbert - The Knack
Divination by Program Committee
Emojipedia
Filing Rules for listing names beginning with Mc and Mac
Flanders and Swann
Generational Differences in the Workplace: Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z Explained
Gyroscopic Precession is Easier Than You Think!
He Wants to Climb Nearly All of America’s Tallest Peaks. In a Month. by Scott Cacciola
Heilmeier's catechism for researchers
History of Technology articles from IEEE Spectrum
In Defense of J.K. Rowling (and read a full account of the controversy by Rhona Shennan in the Scotsman), and a more recent update by Caroline Davies in The Guardian
Ineffective Sorts
The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close Joseph Farquharson (1846–1935); also see Joseph Farquharson: Snow, sheep and sun
Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech
Kigali Master Plan 2020
Less Wrong A website dedicated to rationality.
List of condiments
Lobachevsky by Tom Lehrer (also read ‘My songs spread like herpes’: why did satirical genius Tom Lehrer swap worldwide fame for obscurity?)
MakerBeam very neat kits that use 1 cm and 1.5 cm extruded aluminium for building mechanical frames for any purpose
Markdown Guide
MediaWiki Formatting Guide
Merge-sort folk dance
Meta-analysis
Motion-triggered figure-ground segmentation
Opinion is the lowest form of knowledge ... the correct attribution of this aphorism to Bill Bullard, not Plato, and attribution to George Eliot of the highest form of knowledge: empathy
Slide Hunter Free PowerPoint Presentation Templates
Presentation Go Free PowerPoint Presentation Templates
Presidential Actions aka Executive Orders; Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) Overview of President Trump's Executive Orders
Program in C The Little Mermaid
Reduce PDF File Size
Cut PDF pages into halves
What’s a Research Roadmap For? Why do we need one? How can we produce one? (linked from Aaron Sloman's website)
Robert Frost: The Road Not Taken and how it is almost universally misunderstood
RwandAir Airbus A330 Seat Plan
Rwenzori Trekking
PC2Paper Send Letters from the Internet
Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking by Susan Cain; and watch her TED talk The Power of Introverts
Revisiting Rwanda by Murray Shanahan
Riverdance
Symbolikon 4000+ symbols from around the world
Sleep What Happens in Your Body and Brain While You Sleep
Sleep 7 Ways Sleep Affects The Brain (And What Happens If It Doesn't Get Enough)
Tactile Sensing
Teamwork: The four stages of team development
Ten words and phrases you should never use in IP contracts
The Golden Ratio
The Grant Cycle
The Guardian Optical Illusions
The incredible ibex defies gravity and climbs a dam | Forces of Nature with Brian Cox - BBC
The Intertwine Charter: Going beyond anti-discrimination and towards pro-active change to welcome others
The knowns and unknowns framework for design thinking
The Point Magazine
The story behind the Apollo 8 Earthrise photo
There are known knowns
Video of Donald Rumsfeld's famous use of the knowns and unknowns framework in 2002
Tom Lehrer playlist
Toys and Child Development one quote, in an article full of quotable quotes: "The best toys are 90% the kid, 10% the toy”, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek
Types of Orbit
How to disable automatic remote printer installation on Ubuntu
Visual explanations
Windows data types
Windows include files, e.g., windows.h
What / Where is the Global South?
What is the meaning of life? 15 possible answers – from a palliative care doctor, a Holocaust survivor, a jail inmate and more
You don’t need a smartphone: a practical, personal guide to downgrading your device

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __TOC__
 [[File:new.jpg]] signifies a recently added item
+== Africa ==
+[[AI and Robotics in Africa | A collection of links]] mapping out the many aspects of AI and robotics in Africa. <BR>
+<!-- [[File:new.jpg]] [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/Hughes-Chulu2022.pdf A Qualitative Investigation into the Integration of the African Diaspora in the African Union’s Sixth Region - Myth or Reality ]<BR> -->
+[https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/5290 African Concept of Time, a Socio-Cultural Reality in the Process of Change] (Babalola and Aloken 2013) <BR>
+[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/og/article/view/140143 Justification of the concept of time in Africa] (Nnajiofor 2016)<BR>
+[https://www.horstkoehler.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/On-the-impossibility-of-speaking-of-Africa-Horst-Ko%CC%88hler-2014-English-translation.pdf On the impossibility of speaking of Africa] Speech by the former President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Horst Köhler <BR>
+[https://sdgs.un.org/goals The 17 Sustainable Development Goals] <BR>
+== Art ==
+[https://tatianailiinafineart.com/products/whisper-of-sunshine Whisper of Sunshine] by Tatiana Iliina, 2017 <BR>
+[https://juliacontacessi.com/products/odyssey?srsltid=AfmBOorz4nS4ELjKbVa975GF-ww3p7J1CDFjNGL36OWRz18f65dKbL6U Odessey] by Julia Conacessi, 2017 <BR>
+[https://www.petroskoublis.com/in-landscapes-g?gallery=6762ebda9b5df6275eadd203&item=71529f96-68b2-4dd2-86bb-2ddaf9dd18a9 Berenices] by Petros Koublis <BR>
+[https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-shortening-winters-day-is-near-a-close-102509 The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close] by Joseph Farquharson, 1903;
+also see [https://artuk.org/discover/curations/joseph-farquharson-snow-sheep-and-sun Joseph Farquharson: Snow, sheep and sun]<BR>
+[https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/when-snow-the-pasture-sheets-218273 When Snow the Pasture Sheets] by Joseph Farquharson, c. 1915 <BR>
+[https://artuk.org/discover/curations/joseph-farquharson-snow-sheep-and-sun Joseph Farquharson: Snow, sheep and sun] by Joseph Farquharson <BR>
+[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/64818/stacks-of-wheat-end-of-summer Stacks of Wheat (End of Summer)] by Claude Monet, 1890-91; also see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haystacks_(Monet_series) Wikapedia article on the full 25 paintings in the series] <BR>
+[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-norham-castle-sunrise-n01981 Norham Castle, Sunrise] by Joseph Mallord William Turner, c. 1845 <BR>
+[https://www.artic.edu/artworks/14620/cliff-walk-at-pourville Cliff Walk at Pourville] by Claude Monet, 1882 <BR>
 == Artificial Cognitive Systems ==
@@ Line 18: / Line 38: @@
 === AI in Society ===
+[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence.
+<BR>
 [https://www.ai-fora.de/about/ AI FORA - AI for Assessment] <BR>
 [https://ai4good.org/ AI for Good Foundation]<BR>
 [https://aiforgood.itu.int/ AI for Good Global Summit]<BR>
 [[AI in Europe]]<BR>
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/26/technology/ai-elections-democracy.html A.I. Is Starting to Wear Down Democracy] New York Times <BR>
 [http://www.vernon.eu/AIML03.htm Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Africa]<BR>
 [[Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Machine Learning in Africa]]<BR>
@@ Line 29: / Line 53: @@
 [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1210421/full From fear to action: AI governance and opportunities for all] Frontiers in Computer Science Opinion Article <BR>
 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-023-01694-1 Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations] featuring Ubuntu philosophy and  maximum feasible participation <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.theguardian.com/news/article/2024/aug/08/no-god-in-the-machine-the-pitfalls-of-ai-worship No god in the machine: the pitfalls of AI worship]<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/well/is-ai-validation-healthy.html Next Time You Consult an A.I. Chatbot, Remember One Thing] <BR>
+[https://www.theguardian.com/news/article/2024/aug/08/no-god-in-the-machine-the-pitfalls-of-ai-worship No god in the machine: the pitfalls of AI worship]<BR>
 [https://oecd.ai/dashboards OECD National AI policies & strategies]<BR>
 [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/ The Fourth Industrial Revolution - what it means and how to respond]<BR>
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/02/opinion/ai-us-china.html The One Danger That Should Unite the U.S. and China]; also see [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/03/opinion/us-china-ai-trust.html Tom Friedman’s A.I. Nightmare and What the U.S. Can Do to Avoid It]<BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jun/22/the-rise-of-the-deepfake-and-the-threat-to-democracy The rise of the deepfake and the threat to democracy]<BR>
 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14108-y The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals] Nature Communications (2020) <BR>
-[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-2020-legal-protection-by-design/ Video Tutorial 2020 Legal Protection by Design] Mireille Hildebrandt, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & [https://www.humane-ai.eu/ HumanE-AI-net] <BR>
-[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-2021-ai-act/ Video Tutorial 2021 AI Act]Mireille Hildebrandt, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & [https://www.humane-ai.eu/ HumanE-AI-net] <BR>
 [https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf White Paper on Artificial Intelligence] from the European Commission <BR>
@@ Line 43: / Line 67: @@
 [https://hbr.org/2019/02/how-to-choose-your-first-ai-project How to choose your first AI project] Andrew Ng in Harvard Business Review 2019 <BR>
 [https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/analytics/assets/pwc-ai-analysis-sizing-the-prize-report.pdf Sizing the prize What's the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise?] PWC report <BR>
+[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/05/26/why-we-decided-to-relocate-the-headquarters-of-our-ai-company-from-the-us-to-ireland/ Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland]
+An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of  [https://partsol.com/ Partsol], articulating a visionary stance on the importance of the European AI Act, and the benefits of a symbiosis of innovation and regulation in AI, especially where trustworthy AI is paramount (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here]).<BR>
 === AI Education ===
+(Also see [[#Tutorials|Tutorials]].)<BR>
 [https://ai-4-all.org/ AI4ALL]<BR>
 [http://AI4K12.org AI4K12]<BR>
 [https://www.firstinspires.org/ FIRST: A global robotics community preparing young people for the future]<BR>
 [https://courses.minnalearn.com/ MinnaLearn] Three popular courses: Elements of AI, Building AI, and AI for Built Environment<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://neuromatch.io/neuroscience/ Neuromatch Academy]: courses on [https://neuromatch.io/computational-neuroscience-course/ computational neuroscience], [https://neuromatch.io/neuroai-course/ neuroAI], and [https://neuromatch.io/deep-learning-course/ deep learning]. <BR>NB: course costs are dependent on location (e.g., cost for students in Rwanda are ten times less than costs for students in Ireland). <BR>
 [https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2020/02/12/how-to-teach-artificial-intelligence/#7de1b8135eac Teaching AI to young people]<BR>
 [https://wiki.pathmind.com/ The Artificial Intelligence Wiki] A Beginner’s Guide to Important Topics in AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. <BR>
+[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382456 Inside AI: An Algorithmic Adventure]. Published by UNESCO, this is a graphic novel, for people who want to understand AI and its impact on society. <BR> Note: this is an intentionally inclusive book, in all the best senses of the term. For that alone, it's worth reading. <BR>
-=== Evolution of AI ===
+=== State of AI ===
-[https://aiindex.stanford.edu/ The AI Index] Stanford University.<BR>
+[https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-index-2025 12 Graphs That Explain the State of AI in 2025] <BR>
+[https://aiindex.stanford.edu/ The AI Index 2025] Stanford University - Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence<BR>
 [https://www.muhai.org/blog/12-artificial-intelligence/12-ai-at-a-crossroads AI at a Crossroads.]<BR>
 [https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/ganeshm/GrandChallengesAIMagazineSpring2021.pdf  Artificial Intelligence’s Grand Challenges: Past, Present, and Future] Ganesh Mani (2021). <BR>
 [http://www.vernon.eu/AIML01.htm Artificial Intelligence - Past, Present, and Future.]<BR>
-[https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/wot7mkc1/release/9 Artificial Intelligence — The Revolution Hasn’t Happened Yet] by Michael I. Jordan, with commentaries.<BR>
+[https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/wot7mkc1/release/9 Artificial Intelligence — The Revolution Hasn’t Happened Yet] by Michael I. Jordan, with commentaries <BR>
 [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.08630.pdf Cooperative AI] Open Problems. <BR>
-[[file:new.jpg]] [https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-and-psychology-researchers-debate-the-future-of-deep-learning Will the Future of AI Learning Depend More on Nature or Nurture?] Yann LeCun and Gary Marcus debate <BR>
+[https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-and-psychology-researchers-debate-the-future-of-deep-learning Will the Future of AI Learning Depend More on Nature or Nurture?] Yann LeCun and Gary Marcus debate <BR>
+[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/06/29/business/ai-video-deepfake-google-veo-3-quiz.html A.I. Videos Have Never Been Better. Can You Tell What’s Real?]  <BR>
+[https://ai-2027.com/#narrative-2027-09-30 AI 2027] D. Kokotajlo, S. Alexander, T. Larsen, E. Lifland, and R. Dean "predict that the impact of superhuman AI over the next decade will be enormous, exceeding that of the Industrial Revolution"<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://karpathy.github.io/2022/03/14/lecun1989/ Deep Neural Nets: 33 years ago and 33 years from now] a blog by Andrej Karpathy <BR>
 === Limitations of AI ===
-(But also see [[#Large_Language_Models|Large Language Models]] and [[#Vision-Language-Action_Models|Vision-Language-Action Models]])
+(But also see [[#Foundation_Models:_Large_Language_Models_.26_Multimodal_Models|Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal_Models]] and [[#Vision-Language-Action_Models|Vision-Language-Action Models]])
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11197285 AI has a loose relationship with the truth] Jaime Fernández Fisac, IEEE Spectrum ([https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-misinformation-llm-bullshit longer version]) <BR>
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/technology/ai-hallucinations-chatgpt-google.html A.I. Is Getting More Powerful, but Its Hallucinations Are Getting Worse]<BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jun/06/microsofts-kate-crawford-ai-is-neither-artificial-nor-intelligent "AI is neither artificial nor intelligent"] Interview with Kate Crawford, author of [https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300209570/atlas-ai Atlas of AI] <BR>
 [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1045339.1045340 Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity] Drew McDermott's old (1974) but still relevant plea for more critical self-appraisal by AI researchers (see, especially, the last section "Benediction").<BR>
@@ Line 78: / Line 113: @@
 [https://github.com/giuven95/chatgpt-failures LLM failure archive (ChatGPT and beyond)]<BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/apr/01/misinformation-mistakes-and-the-pope-in-a-puffer-what-rapidly-evolving-ai-can-and-cant-do Misinformation, mistakes and the Pope in a puffer: what rapidly evolving AI can – and can’t – do] <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/well/is-ai-validation-healthy.html Next Time You Consult an A.I. Chatbot, Remember One Thing] <BR>
 [http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/reviews/haugeland.html Review of John Haugland's "Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea"] by John McCarthy <BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/15/techscape-google-chatbot-lamda-sentient-artificial-intelligence TechScape: why you shouldn’t worry about sentient AI … yet] <BR>
@@ Line 92: / Line 128: @@
 [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080 Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges] <BR>
 [https://clawar.org/conference-proceedings/icres-conference/  International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards ICRES]<BR>
-[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-2020-legal-protection-by-design/ Video Tutorial 2020 Legal Protection by Design] Mireille Hildebrandt, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & [https://www.humane-ai.eu/ HumanE-AI-net] <BR>
-[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-2021-ai-act/ Video Tutorial 2021 AI Act] Mireille Hildebrandt, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & [https://www.humane-ai.eu/ HumanE-AI-net] <BR>
+=== European Union AI Act ===
+[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence (also available on the [https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/tutorial-on-the-proposal-for-an-ai-act/ HumanE-AI-net website]) <BR>
+[https://www.humane-ai.eu/event/second-tutorial-on-the-ai-act/ Second Tutorial on the AI Act] prepared by [https://lsts.research.vub.be/gianmarco-gori Giancarlo Gori], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), addressing the relevance of the final version of the  AI Act for human-centric AI.<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence] Overview of the AI Act from the European Parliament <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/the-time-to-ai-act-is-now-a-practical-guide-to-the-ai-ac The Time to (AI) Act is Now: A Practical Guide to the AI Act] by William Fry, Irish corporate law firm <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_1683 Artificial Intelligence – Questions and Answers] European Commission <BR>
+[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/05/26/why-we-decided-to-relocate-the-headquarters-of-our-ai-company-from-the-us-to-ireland/ Why we decided to relocate the headquarters of our AI company from the US to Ireland]
+An op-ed by Daryll Williams, Founder, CEO, and Chief Scientist of  [https://partsol.com/ Partsol] (pdf version [http://www.vernon.eu/downloads/AI_Op-Ed_by_Darryl_Williams.pdf here])<BR>
+[https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/eu-ai-act-irish-innovation-regulation-us-partsol Opinion: Why EU AI Act is good for Irish innovation] <BR>
 === AI Applications and Resources ===
@@ Line 102: / Line 146: @@
 === AI Science and Technology ===
 [https://spectrum.ieee.org/prompt-engineering-is-dead AI Prompt Engineering is Dead] Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum) <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://eng.bigai.ai/ Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI)] "Pursuing a Unified Theory of Artificial Intelligence to Create General Intelligent Agents for Lifting Humanity" '''but not based on foundation models'''; <BR>
+see also this insightful [https://www.theguardian.com/news/ng-interactive/2025/sep/16/song-chun-zhu-why-one-of-the-worlds-most-brilliant-ai-scientists-left-the-us-for-china article] about Song-Chun Zhu, the director of BIGAI, and his vision of the future of AI <BR>
 [http://agisi.org/Defs_intelligence.html Definitions of Artificial and Human Intelligence]<BR>
 [https://dynamicfieldtheory.org/ Dynamic Field Theory] <BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2023/nov/01/how-ai-chatbots-like-chatgpt-or-bard-work-visual-explainer How AI chatbots like ChatGPT or Bard work – visual explainer]<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/57a9b97477b67936298489e3c1417b0a-Paper-Conference.pdf Energy Transformer] NeurIPS 2023 (note: ''Energy Transformers'' are not the same as ''Energy-Based Transformers'')<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02092 Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers] arXiv:2507.02092 (Note: ''Energy-Based Transformers'' are not the same as ''Energy Transformers'')<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02217 Hopfield Networks is All You Need] arXiv:2008.02217 <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://ml-jku.github.io/hopfield-layers/ Hopfield Networks is All You Need] blog post <BR>
+[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2023/nov/01/how-ai-chatbots-like-chatgpt-or-bard-work-visual-explainer How AI chatbots like ChatGPT or Bard work – visual explainer]<BR>
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/26/technology/ai-reasoning-chatgpt-deepseek.html How Artificial Intelligence Reasons] New York Times <BR>
 [https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=10897 IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Workshop 2022] <BR>
 [https://ibm.github.io/neuro-symbolic-ai/events/ns-summerschool2022/ IBM Neuro-Symbolic AI Summer School] <BR>
@@ Line 111: / Line 162: @@
 [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.05876.pdf Neurosymbolic AI: The Third Wave] <BR>
 [https://github.com/norvig/paip-lisp   Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp] open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992)<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21EYKqUsPfg Richard Sutton – Father of RL thinks LLMs are a dead end], an interview with Dwarkesh Patel; also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwhHUQuqiaQ Richard Sutton and Dwarkesh Patel – speaking two different languages] for an explanation of their different perspectives <BR>
 [https://www.aaai.org/Magazine/Watson/watson.php The AI behind Watson]<BR>
 [https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/ What Is ChatGPT Doing ... and Why Does It Work?] (and a lot more besides) by Stephen Wolfram<BR>
 [https://www.darpa.mil/program/explainable-artificial-intelligence XAI] Explainable Artificial Intelligence <BR>
 [https://medium.com/syncedreview/yann-lecun-cake-analogy-2-0-a361da560dae Yann LeCun Cake Analogy 2.0] <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/agentic-ai/ What is Agentic AI?] AWS <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/agentic-ai What is Agentic AI?] IBM <BR>
-== Cognitive Robotics ==
+=== Humour ===
+[https://lafavephilosophy.x10host.com/meat_in_space.html Meat in Space] By Terry Bisson, from a set of stories entitled Alien/Nation <BR>
+== Autonomy ==
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5965/Principles-of-Biological-Autonomy Principles of Biological Autonomy] By Francisco J. Varela, Edited by Ezequiel A. Di Paolo, Evan Thompson.
+== Cognitive Robotics ==
 [[Cognitive Robotics Resources]] (list of links) <BR>
 [http://www.ieee-coro.org IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Technical Committee for Cognitive Robotics] <BR>
@@ Line 131: / Line 190: @@
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8TFi6qvPbc Biological Motion II] <BR>
 [https://www.pyimagesearch.com/deep-learning-computer-vision-python-book/ Deep Learning for Computer Vision with Python]; great book and software, including a fully-configured virtual machine.  <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/d5/dae/tutorial_aruco_detection.html Detection of ArUco Markers] with OpenCV 4.7 <BR>
+[https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/d5/dae/tutorial_aruco_detection.html Detection of ArUco Markers] with OpenCV 4.7 <BR>
 [https://github.com/Sid2697/awesome-egocentric-vision Egocentric vision resources] <BR>
 [https://code.google.com/p/head-eye-tracking/ Head Eye Tracking]  <BR>
@@ Line 147: / Line 206: @@
 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller PID control]
 <BR>
-[https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/214912/why-does-a-proportional-controller-have-a-steady-state-error Why does a proportional controller have a steady state error]
+[https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/214912/why-does-a-proportional-controller-have-a-steady-state-error Why does a proportional controller have a steady state error] <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBc_BHxw78s&list=PLUMWjy5jgHK1NC52DXXrriwihVrYZKqjk&index=1 Why Learn Control Theory] video with links to several follow-on videos on all aspects of control theory <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pi7l8mMjYVE&list=PLMrJAkhIeNNR20Mz-VpzgfQs5zrYi085m Control Bootcamp: Overview] video with links to several follow-on videos on all aspects of control theory <BR>
 == Copyright ==
@@ Line 175: / Line 236: @@
 [https://www.cyclingabout.com/ Cycling About] with great articles <BR>
 [http://www.velominati.com/the-rules/ The Rules] <BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cNmUNHSBac Most People Don't Know How Bikes Work] (and the need to counter-steer; see also this article on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRZGdvJQnPU gyroscopic precession]) <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cNmUNHSBac Most People Don't Know How Bikes Work] (and the need to counter-steer; see also this article on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRZGdvJQnPU gyroscopic precession]) <BR>
 === Bikes ===
@@ Line 183: / Line 244: @@
 === Bike Maintenance ===
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDk9sp5xRkA Crank & Bearing Removal and Installation - Campagnolo® Ultra-Torque™]<BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hg8OYQJZ7VA FLAT! How to fix a tubular tire on the side of the road] <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfoCemoMCmg How to change Campagnolo hoods] <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MzIiv7pewE How to Wrap Handlebars for Road Bikes]<BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcxRt-tCSmM How To Install A Campagnolo Rear Derailleur]<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://silca.cc/en-eu/pages/pro-tire-pressure-calculator SILCA Pro Tire Pressure Calculator]<BR>
 [https://www.bikeradar.com/advice/buyers-guides/the-complete-guide-to-bottom-bracket-standards/ The complete guide to bottom bracket standards] <BR>
@@ Line 195: / Line 261: @@
 [http://www.solestar.de/en/solestar-kontrol.html Carbonfibre-like Insoles] <BR>
 [http://www.thermosoles.eu/ Thermosoles] <BR>
-[http://www.assosfactoryoutlet.com/men/shorts/t-fi-uno-s5-black.html Assos Factory Outlet] <BR>
+[https://www.assos.com/ Assos] <BR>
+[https://www.assosoutlet.com/eu/ Assos Factory Outlet] <BR>
 [http://www.peterwhitecycles.com/studdedtires.asp Guide to studded bike tyres] <BR>
 [https://www.dcrainmaker.com/2019/08/how-to-install-free-maps-on-your-garmin-edge.html How to install OpenStreetMap on your Garmin] <BR>
 [https://biketestreviews.com/3003-2/ Rotor Q-Rings review]and [https://www.trainingbible.com/joesblog/2007/04/q-rings.html here] is what Joe Friel thinks of them <BR>
+[https://www.dcrainmaker.com/2019/11/smart-trainer-review.html Tacx NEO 2T Smart Trainer In-Depth Review]<BR>
 === Events and Routes ===
@@ Line 212: / Line 280: @@
 [https://africageoportal.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=57bdc418eeab4cdf8d5b6b24a3e83600 The Congo Nile Trail] with satellite maps and elevation profiles for each stage. <BR>
 [https://ruminationsfromrwanda.blog/2019/07/21/basic-kinyarwanda-for-the-congo-nile-trail-and-beyond/ Basic Kinyarwanda for the Congo Nile Trail and Beyond]<BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [https://www.ringofkerrycycle.ie/ The Ring of Kerry Charity Cycle] and the route on [https://www.strava.com/routes/1469061 Strava]<BR>
+[https://www.ringofkerrycycle.ie/ The Ring of Kerry Charity Cycle] and the route on [https://www.strava.com/routes/1469061 Strava]<BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [http://vernon.eu/WAW2024.htm The Wild Atlantic Way] <BR>
+[http://vernon.eu/WAW2024.htm The Wild Atlantic Way] <BR>
 [http://vatternrundan.se/ Vätternrundan in Sweden]<BR>
+[https://www.waterwaysireland.org/our-waterways/royal-canal/royal-canal-greenway Royal Canal Greenway] and [https://www.waterwaysireland.org/getmedia/19bfa564-505c-41e2-af9c-eeccfeed489f/RC-Greenway-Guide-(3).pdf map]<BR>
 === Guides and Rentals ===
@@ Line 229: / Line 298: @@
 === Services ===
 [https://englishcyclist.com/ The English Cyclist] Modern Cycling Prints <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://gotoes.org/strava/Combine_GPX_TCX_FIT_Files.php Combine FIT, GPX, CSV or TCX files for Strava or Garmin] <BR>
+[https://gotoes.org/strava/Combine_GPX_TCX_FIT_Files.php Combine FIT, GPX, CSV or TCX files for Strava or Garmin] <BR>
 == Engineering Education ==
@@ Line 235: / Line 304: @@
 [https://wholenewengineer.org/ A Whole New Engineer]: a different way to approach effective teaching and learning (watch the video) <BR>
 [https://oli.cmu.edu/repository/webcontent/ac80970d80020ca60078c7f8185aefe0/_u5_hims_implementation_management/_m2_end_user_training_support/webcontent/u5_m2_pg5/Revised_Blooms_Taxonomy.pdf Bloom's Taxonomy] original and revised<BR>
-[[File:New.jpg]] [https://csed.acm.org/ CS2023: ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI Computer Science Curricula] and [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3545947.3569591 a paper describing community engagement]by the ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI Joint Task Force<BR>
+[https://csed.acm.org/ CS2023: ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI Computer Science Curricula] and [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3545947.3569591 a paper describing community engagement]by the ACM/IEEE-CS/AAAI Joint Task Force<BR>
 [https://epiceducationfoundation.org/ Epic Education Foundation] <BR>
 [https://vimeo.com/110074717 Epic Challenge Talk] Siemens NASA Boeing Keynote on Educating the Next Generation, with Bill Boswell, Charles Camarda, and Michael Richey <BR>
@@ Line 248: / Line 317: @@
 == Engineering Mathematics ==
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://linearalgebras.com/ten-best-linear-algebra-books.html The ten best linear algebra books]
+[https://linearalgebras.com/ten-best-linear-algebra-books.html The ten best linear algebra books]
 <BR>
 [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bapoczos/other_presentations/ICA_26_10_2009.pdf Introduction to Independent Component Analysis - Barnabás Póczos, University of Alberta]
-<br>
-[http://perso.telecom-paristech.fr/~cardoso/guidesepsou.html Blind Source Separation and Independent Component Analysis]
 <br>
 [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~hic/8803-Fall-09/slides/SubSpace-Learning.pdf Subspace Methods for Visual Learning and Recognition ECCV 2002 Tutorial (short version) - Horst Bischof and Ales Leonardis]
@@ Line 262: / Line 329: @@
 [http://tumic.wz.cz/fel/online/libICA/ FastICA C Implementation]
-== Emergence and Self-Organization ==
+== Free Energy Principle and Active Inference ==
-[[File:New.jpg]] [https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5299/Active-InferenceThe-Free-Energy-Principle-in-Mind Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior] <BR>
+[https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5299/Active-InferenceThe-Free-Energy-Principle-in-Mind Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior] an open access book by Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo,and Karl J. Friston<BR>
-[http://emergentpublications.com/ECO/about_eco.aspx Emergence: Complexity & Organization - An International Transdisciplinary Journal of Complex Social Systems] <BR>
+[https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09156 The free energy principle for action and perception: A mathematical review] and ArXiv paper by Christopher L. Buckley, Chang Sub Kim, Simon McGregor, Anil K. Seth <BR>
-[https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-information-theory-of-life-20151119/ The Information Theory of Life] <BR>
+[https://jaredtumiel.github.io/blog/2020/08/08/free-energy1.html Friston's Free Energy Principle Explained (part 1)] by Jared Tumiel<BR>
-[https://complexityexplained.github.io/ Complexity Explained]<BR>
+[https://jaredtumiel.github.io/blog/2020/10/14/spinning-up-in-ai.html Spinning Up in Active Inference and the Free Energy Principle] by Jared Tumiel<BR>
-[https://www.complexity-explorables.org/ Complexity Explorables] <BR>
+[https://www.umsu.de/wo/2013/600 The Lure of Free Energy] by Wolfgang Schwarz (blog) <BR>
+[https://slatestarcodex.com/2018/03/04/god-help-us-lets-try-to-understand-friston-on-free-energy/ God Help Us, Let’s Try To Understand Friston on Free Energy] by Scott Alexander [blog] <BR>
+[https://slatestarcodex.com/2017/09/05/book-review-surfing-uncertainty/ Book Review] of Andy Clarke's [https://academic.oup.com/book/7843 Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind] by Scott Alexander <BR>
+[https://medium.com/@solopchuk/tutorial-on-active-inference-30edcf50f5dc Tutorial on Active Inference] by Oleg Solopchuk <BR>
 == Fountain Pens ==
@@ Line 293: / Line 363: @@
 [http://files.righto.com/calculator/sinclair_scientific_simulator.html Reverse engineering Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator]
+== Information Theory ==
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r7FIXEAGvs&t=7s Shannon Entropy and Information Gain] Intuitive video introduction to the concept of entropy and the equation for entropy <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErfnhcEV1O8 A Short Introduction to Entropy, Cross-Entropy and KL-Divergence] Intuitive video introduction to these concepts and their use in machine learning <BR>
 == Innovation and Entrepreneurship ==
@@ Line 302: / Line 377: @@
 [http://ec.europa.eu/education/library/study/2013/eit-kics_en.pdf EIT Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KIC) Educational Activities Final Report]
-== [[File:new.jpg]] Ireland ==
+== Ireland ==
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.irishcentral.com/topic/1916-centenary 1916 Easter Rising] a collection of essays on the 1916 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising Easter Rising], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence Irish War of Independence] (1919-1921) and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War Irish Civil War] (1922 - 1923), leading to the creation of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland Republic of Ireland] in 1949 <BR>
 [https://outsider.ie/challenges/road-cycling-events-ireland/ 11 of the best cycling challenges in Ireland]<BR>
 [https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/ireland.htm Ireland]: a history of British colonial rule in Ireland <BR>
@@ Line 309: / Line 385: @@
 [http://www.corkbikerental.com/best-touring-bike-rentals-in-cork-ireland.php Cork Bike Rental] Ireland <BR>
 [https://www.rollingexistence.com/routes/cycling-the-wild-atlantic-way/ Cycling the Wild Atlantic Way] by Rolling Resistance <BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [http://vernon.eu/WAW2024.htm Cycling the Wild Atlantic Way] by David Vernon <BR>
+[http://vernon.eu/WAW2024.htm Cycling the Wild Atlantic Way] by David Vernon <BR>
 [http://www.donegalcycleroute.ie/ Donegal Cycle Route]<BR>
 [https://en.eurovelo.com/ev1 EuroVelo 1 - Atlantic Coast Route] <BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [https://www.freewheeling.ie/ Great Bike Shop in Dublin] <BR>
+[https://www.freewheeling.ie/ Freewheeling] Local bike shop in Dublin <BR>
+[https://journeyplanner.irishrail.ie/webapp/ Iarnrod Eireann / Irish Rail Journey Planner] <BR>
 [https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/irish-language Irish 101: An Introduction to Irish Language and Culture] <BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]] [http://www.vernon.eu/talks/Irish_Culture-CMU_2023.pdf Irish Culture] A short overview talk at CMU-Africa in 2023 <BR>
+[https://gersirishcollectables.home.blog/ Irish Collectables and Memorabilia] A collection of memorabilia from Irish history <BR>
+[http://www.vernon.eu/talks/Irish_Culture-CMU_2023.pdf Irish Culture] A Five Minute Talk at Carnegie Mellon University Africa in 2023 <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.trailheadcentral.com/Ireland Long-Distance Walking Trails in Ireland] <BR>
+[https://rememberingthe1916rising.wordpress.com/ Remembering The 1916 Rising] A collection of information and memorabilia commemorating the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland<BR>
 [https://steemit.com/ireland/@donalfinn/whats-the-craic-in-ireland The Craic] <BR>
 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/the-perfect-book-for-st-patricks-day/2018/03/13/7ffa4554-2609-11e8-bc72-077aa4dab9ef_story.html The Crock of Gold] by James Stephens <BR>
@@ Line 325: / Line 405: @@
 [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Wild-Atlantic-Way-Pocket-Map-dp-0008580006/dp/0008580006/ref=dp_ob_title_bk The Wild Atlantic Way Pocket Map]  <BR>
 [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Wild-Atlantic-Route-Guide-Atlas/dp/0955265592/ The Wild Atlantic Way Pocket Route Atlas]  <BR>
-[[file:New.jpg]][https://www.rte.ie/culture/2020/0605/1145651-you-dont-get-to-be-racist-and-irish-imelda-mays-stunning-poem/ You Don't Get To Be Racist and Irish] Imelda May's brilliant poem <BR>
+[https://www.transportforireland.ie/plan-a-journey/ Transport for Ireland Journey Planner] <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.rte.ie/culture/2020/0605/1145651-you-dont-get-to-be-racist-and-irish-imelda-mays-stunning-poem/ You Don't Get To Be Racist and Irish] a brilliant poem recited by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_May Imelda May] from her book [https://www.easons.com/a-lick-and-a-promise-imelda-may-9780571542390?srsltid=AfmBOooQZ9KvtVd6EUbXLc47zbhmxa4wD4EHjjPZjktb0swAnGJMZ0we A Lick and a Promise]<BR>
 == LaTeX ==
@@ Line 331: / Line 412: @@
 [https://www.latex-project.org/get/ Get LaTeX here]<BR>
 [http://www.tug.org/mactex/index.html MacTeX] for MacOS <BR>
-[[File:New.jpg]] [https://github.com/HarisIqbal88/PlotNeuralNet PlotNeuralNet] LaTeX code for making neural networks diagrams (and a helpful  [https://pub.towardsai.net/creating-stunning-neural-network-visualizations-with-chatgpt-and-plotneuralnet-adab37589e5 blog] about it)<BR>
+[https://github.com/HarisIqbal88/PlotNeuralNet PlotNeuralNet] LaTeX code for making neural networks diagrams (and a helpful  [https://pub.towardsai.net/creating-stunning-neural-network-visualizations-with-chatgpt-and-plotneuralnet-adab37589e5 blog] about it)<BR>
 [http://www.tug.org/texworks/ TeXworks] is a lightweight GUI front-end (MacTeX doesn't come with a GUI). Note: you'll have to set TeXworks Preferences > Typesetting to specify where the MacTeX binaries have been installed, e.g. /usr/local/texlive/2016/bin/x86_64-darwin. <BR>
 [https://tufte-latex.github.io/tufte-latex/ Tufte-Latex] Classes for producing books in the style of [http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/index Edward R. Tufte] (this is how I typeset my book [http://vernon.eu/publications/14_Vernon_Artificial_Cognitive_Systems_Preamble.pdf Artificial Cognitive Systems - A Primer], published by [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/artificial-cognitive-systems MIT Press])<BR>
@@ Line 338: / Line 419: @@
 [https://texample.net/tikz/examples/the-3dplot-package/ The 3D Plot package for TikZ] <BR>
 [http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~garg/dist/listings.pdf The Listings Package]<BR>
-[[File:New.jpg]] [https://nasa.github.io/nasa-latex-docs/html/index.html NASA LaTeX Docs] with great examples and templates <BR>
+[https://nasa.github.io/nasa-latex-docs/html/index.html NASA LaTeX Docs] with great examples and templates <BR>
-[[File:New.jpg]] [https://svenhartenstein.de/latex-vorlagen/creating-questionnaires-with-latex/ Creating questionnaires with LaTeX] from Sven Hartenstein <BR>
+[https://svenhartenstein.de/latex-vorlagen/creating-questionnaires-with-latex/ Creating questionnaires with LaTeX] from Sven Hartenstein <BR>
+[https://texdoc.org/serve/tabularx/0 The tabularx package] <BR>
 == Lisp ==
@@ Line 358: / Line 440: @@
 <BR>
 [http://paulgraham.com/index.html Paul Graham's website] ... go here if you want to challenge and change your views on programming, Lisp, and life (start with the [http://paulgraham.com/articles.html essays])<BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://github.com/norvig/paip-lisp   Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp] open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992) <BR>
+[https://github.com/norvig/paip-lisp   Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp] open-source repository for the book by Peter Norvig (1992) <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://bnmcgn.github.io/lisp-guide/lisp-exploration.html Common Lisp REPL Exploration Guide]
+[https://bnmcgn.github.io/lisp-guide/lisp-exploration.html Common Lisp REPL Exploration Guide]
 == Mac ==
@@ Line 391: / Line 473: @@
 [https://support.apple.com/en-gb/102605 Reset the SMC of your Mac]
 <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-type-letters-with-accents-on-mac/ How to Type Letters with Accents on Mac]
+[https://mackeeper.com/blog/usb-accessories-disabled-on-mac/?srsltid=AfmBOooKFaZbOd4v0OsF8Tqvod0MrAc5wKAdRkdb6eer-MbeecEe-XVk How to Fix USB Accessories Disabled on Mac]
+<BR>
+[https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-type-letters-with-accents-on-mac/ How to Type Letters with Accents on Mac]
 == Machine Learning ==
@@ Line 402: / Line 486: @@
 [https://acems.org.au/data-science-machine-learning-book-download Data Science and Machine Learning]; free book to download <BR>
 [http://www.deeplearningbook.org/ Deep Learning] by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://huggingface.co/ Hugging Face] "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications" <BR>
+[https://huggingface.co/ Hugging Face] "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications" <BR>
 [http://www.mbmlbook.com/index.html Model-based Machine Learning], co-authored by Chris Bishop, and the related [https://dotnet.github.io/infer/ Infer.NET] framework running Bayesian inference in graphical models<BR>
 [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bishop-MBML-2012.pdf Model-based Machine Learning Companion Paper], C. M. Bishop, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2013 371: 20120222; see Section 4. for an overview of probabilistic graphical models.<BR>
@@ Line 408: / Line 492: @@
 === Comparisons ===
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/classification/plot_classifier_comparison.html Classifier Comparison] with instructive visualization <BR>
+[https://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/classification/plot_classifier_comparison.html Classifier Comparison] with instructive visualization <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.wired.com/video/watch/5-levels-machine-learning Computer Scientist Explains Machine Learning in 5 Levels of Difficulty] <BR>
+[https://www.wired.com/video/watch/5-levels-machine-learning Computer Scientist Explains Machine Learning in 5 Levels of Difficulty] <BR>
 [https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo/ Neural Network Zoo] from Fjodor van Veen, The Asimov Institute <BR>
 [https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo-prequel-cells-layers/ Neural Network Zoo Prequel: Cells and Layers] with more detail on how each cell type works <BR>
 === Datasets ===
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://huggingface.co/ Hugging Face] "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications" <BR>
+[https://huggingface.co/ Hugging Face] "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications" <BR>
 [https://www.kaggle.com/c/challenges-in-representation-learning-facial-expression-recognition-challenge/data Kaggle Facial Expression Recognition dataset FER13] <BR>
@@ Line 425: / Line 509: @@
 === Environments ===
 [https://colab.research.google.com/?utm_source=scs-index Colab] from Google <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://huggingface.co/ Hugging Face] "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications" <BR>
+[https://huggingface.co/ Hugging Face] "The platform where the machine learning community collaborates on models, datasets, and applications" <BR>
 [https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/iot-deep-learning-anomaly-detection-5/ Using Keras and TensorFlow for Anomaly Detection] (including the use of LSTM)<BR>
@@ Line 445: / Line 529: @@
 [https://medium.com/@jonathan_hui/gan-gan-series-2d279f906e7b GAN Series]; comprehensive overview of Generative Adversarial Networks<BR>
-=== Large Language Models ===
+=== Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal Models ===
 (Also see [[#Vision-Language-Action_Models|Vision-Language-Action Models]] and [[#Limitations_of_AI|Limitations of AI]])
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://eng.bigai.ai/ Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI)] "Pursuing a Unified Theory of Artificial Intelligence to Create General Intelligent Agents for Lifting Humanity" '''but not based on foundation models'''; <BR>
+see also this insightful [https://www.theguardian.com/news/ng-interactive/2025/sep/16/song-chun-zhu-why-one-of-the-worlds-most-brilliant-ai-scientists-left-the-us-for-china article] about Song-Chun Zhu, the director of BIGAI, and his vision of the future of AI <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02092 Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers] arXiv:2507.02092 <BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/robot-wrote-this-article-gpt-3 A robot wrote this entire article. Are you scared yet, human?] GPT-3 <BR>
 [https://hai.stanford.edu/news/how-trustworthy-are-large-language-models-gpt How Trustworthy Are Large Language Models Like GPT?] Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence<BR>
@@ Line 455: / Line 542: @@
 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/18/meta-ai-llama3-release Meta steps up AI battle with OpenAI and Google with release of Llama 3]<BR>
 [https://openai.com/index/dall-e-3/ DALL·E 3] Generative AI image creation from OpenAI <BR>
+[https://www.3blue1brown.com/lessons/mini-llm Large Language Models explained briefly] by Grant Sanderson, [https://www.3blue1brown.com/ 3Blue1Brown] <BR>
 [https://stability.ai/news/stable-diffusion-3 Stable Diffusion] Generative AI image creation from Stability AI <BR>
 [https://updates.midjourney.com/version-6-1/ Midjourney] Generative AI image creation from from Midjourney Inc. <BR>
@@ Line 461: / Line 549: @@
 [https://gemini.google.com/ Gemini] (formerly known as BARD) from Google <BR>
 [https://www.wired.com/story/lamda-sentient-ai-bias-google-blake-lemoine/ LaMDA and the Sentient AI Trap]<BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/what-is-retrieval-augmented-generation/ What Is Retrieval-Augmented Generation, aka RAG?] <BR>
+[https://humane-ai.dice.aalto.fi/ Collaborative AI Arena] Benchmarking collaborative capabilities of AI in the wild <BR>
+[https://truereason.app/chat TrueReason AI Tutor Demo] <BR>
+[https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/three-things-to-know-about-prompting-llms/ Three Things to Know About Prompting LLMs]<BR>
+[https://spectrum.ieee.org/prompt-engineering-is-dead AI Prompt Engineering is Dead] Long live AI prompt engineering (IEEE Spectrum) <BR>
+[https://www.lakera.ai/blog/what-is-in-context-learning What is In-context Learning, and how does it work: The Beginner’s Guide]<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/what-is-retrieval-augmented-generation/ What Is Retrieval-Augmented Generation, aka RAG?] a blog by Nvidia; here is how [https://chat.langchain.com/ Chat LangChain] from [https://www.langchain.com/ LangChain] explains it using [https://chat.langchain.com/?threadId=4968c618-f1e0-4e81-8283-9ed861bf45aa Claude 3.5 Haiku], [https://chat.langchain.com/?threadId=efeffb11-a227-41fe-8d40-f5e21288a34b GPT4.1 Mini] and [https://chat.langchain.com/?threadId=fa410c08-9c35-4954-8b30-a2c961006c89 Gemini 2.0 Flash]<BR>
+[https://ai.meta.com/blog/adapting-large-language-models-llms/ Methods for adapting large language models] from Meta <BR>
+[https://molmo.allenai.org/ Molmo] Multimodal Open Language Model built by [https://allenai.org/ Ai2] <BR>
+[https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07258 On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models] arXiv article <BR>
 === Physics Informed Machine Learning ===
@@ Line 470: / Line 566: @@
 [https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/iot-deep-learning-anomaly-detection-1/ Introducing Deep Learning and Long Short-Term Memory Networks]<BR>
 [https://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2604.pdf The original paper on the LSTM] by Sepp Hochreiter and Jurgen Schmidhuber <BR>
-[http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/ The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks] <BR>
+[http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/ The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks] a blog by Andrej Karpathy <BR>
-[https://cs.stanford.edu/people/karpathy/ Andrej Karpathy]'s Blog <BR>
+[https://karpathy.github.io/ Andrej Karpathy's Blog] <BR>
 [http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Understanding-LSTMs/ Understanding LSTMs]<BR>
@@ Line 478: / Line 574: @@
 [https://bair.berkeley.edu/blog/2017/09/12/learning-to-optimize-with-rl/ Learning to Optimize with Reinforcement Learning] and learning to learn <BR>
 [https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01885 Learning to Optimize] <BR>
+=== Robot Learning ===
+[https://www.i-aida.org/resources/robot-learning/ Robot Learning] a talk by Jan Peters <BR>
+[https://sites.google.com/view/hirl-education/home Human-Interactive Robot Learning] a course developed in [https://www.humane-ai.eu/project/tmp-038/ Micro Project TMP-038] as part of the [https://www.humane-ai.eu HumanE-AI-Net Network of Excellence] (click the <strong>Home</strong> text at the top-right of the page to access the slides)<BR>
 === Self-Supervised Learning ===
@@ Line 485: / Line 586: @@
 === Transformers ===
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/57a9b97477b67936298489e3c1417b0a-Paper-Conference.pdf Energy Transformer] NeurIPS 2023 (note: Energy Transformers are not the same as Energy-Based Transformers)<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02092 Energy-Based Transformers are Scalable Learners and Thinkers] arXiv:2507.02092 (Note: Energy-Based Transformers are not the same as Energy Transformers)<BR>
 [https://www.ai4europe.eu/research/research-bundles/multimodal-perception-and-interaction-transformers Multimodal Perception and Interaction with Transformers] HumanE-AI-Net Micro Project <BR>
 [http://crowley-coutaz.fr/jlc/Courses/ACAI2021/Multimodal-Transformer-Tutorial.html Multimodal Perception and Interaction with Transformers] Tutorial Presented at ACAI 2021 <BR>
@@ Line 496: / Line 599: @@
 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/04/has-dopamine-got-us-hooked-on-tech-facebook-apps-addiction Has dopamine got us hooked on technology?] <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvVl8rOEncE How a synapse works], part of an online course on the fundamentals of neuroscience <BR>
-[[File:New.jpg]] [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/apr/05/short-term-memory-illusions-study Human memory may be unreliable after just a few seconds]<BR>
+[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/apr/05/short-term-memory-illusions-study Human memory may be unreliable after just a few seconds]<BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI The Brain] A video of Paul Anderson explaining the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the brain <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZh0A-lWSmY The Neuron] A video of Paul Anderson explaining the anatomy (structure) of the neuron <BR>
+== Quantum Computing ==
+[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/dec/09/google-unveils-mindboggling-quantum-computing-chip Google unveils ‘mindboggling’ quantum computing chip]<BR>
+[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/google-makes-a-major-quantum-computing-breakthrough/ Google’s Quantum Computer Makes a Major Breakthrough in Error Correction] with a deeper analysis of this breakthrough<BR>
+[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-limits-of-quantum-computers/ The Limits of Quantum Computers] which dispels some of the hype around quantum computing<BR>
 == Robotics ==
@@ Line 511: / Line 619: @@
 === Conferences ===
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md7YSiNI0aA IROS 2024 Opening Ceremony Video] <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md7YSiNI0aA IROS 2024 Opening Ceremony Video] <BR>
 === Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion ===
 [https://ieeetv.ieee.org/channels/wie/ieee-ras-women-in-robotics-panel-discussion Best Practices in Robotics Education] IEEE RAS Women in Robotics Panel Discussion <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.ieee-ras.org/membership/dei-committee IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee] <BR>
+[https://www.ieee-ras.org/membership/dei-committee IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee] <BR>
 [https://blackinrobotics.org/ Black in Robotics] Building Community, Advocating for Diversity, Encouraging Accountability <BR>
 [https://robohub.org/iros2020-black-in-robotics-special-series/ Black in Robotics Special Series at IROS 2020 ] <BR>
+[https://www.science.org/toc/scirobotics/9/97 Science Robotics Special Issue: Highlighting diversity, equity, and inclusion in the field of robotics] <BR>
 [https://sites.google.com/andrew.cmu.edu/the-no-excuses-list/home The No Excuses List] Women Faculty in Robotics <BR>
 [https://www.womeninrobotics.org/ Women in Robotics] <BR>
@@ Line 537: / Line 646: @@
 === Humanoid Robots ===
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/technology/humanoid-robots-1x.html Invasion of the Home Humanoid Robots] New York Times (read carefully; it's not what it appears to be)<BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/sep/22/its-the-robot-we-were-all-expecting-like-c3po-why-arent-humanoids-in-our-homes-yet "It’s the robot we were all expecting – like C3PO": why aren’t humanoids in our homes yet?] <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0219843623500226 The Importance of Being Humanoid] <BR>
+[https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0219843623500226 The Importance of Being Humanoid] <BR>
 === Industry ===
@@ Line 564: / Line 674: @@
 [[Cognitive Robotics Resources]] separate list of links <BR>
 [https://www.human-robot-interaction.org/ Human-Robot Interaction - An Introduction] An online textbook by C. Bartneck, T. Belpaeme, F. Eyssel, T. Kanda, M. Keijsers, and S. Šabanović  <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://robots.ieee.org/ IEEE guide to the world of robots] (this is a new and improved version of what was already a great website)<BR>
+[https://robots.ieee.org/ IEEE guide to the world of robots] (this is a new and improved version of what was already a great website)<BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://robotsguide.com/ IEEE Spectrum robotics features ]<BR>
+[https://robotsguide.com/ IEEE Spectrum robotics features ]<BR>
 [https://robohub.org/ RoboHub] All the latest news about robotics <BR>
 [https://www.theconstructsim.com/ The Construct] A Platform to Learn/Teach Robotics from Zero. Everything from robotics theory to ROS based robot programming <BR>
 [http://roboticsprimer.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page The Robotics Primer Workbook] <BR>
+=== Robot Learning ===
+[https://www.i-aida.org/resources/robot-learning/ Robot Learning] a talk by Jan Peters <BR>
+[https://sites.google.com/view/hirl-education/home Human-Interactive Robot Learning] a course developed in [https://www.humane-ai.eu/project/tmp-038/ Micro Project TMP-038] as part of the [https://www.humane-ai.eu HumanE-AI-Net Network of Excellence] (click the <strong>Home</strong> text at the top-right of the page to access the slides)<BR>
 === ROS ===
@@ Line 581: / Line 696: @@
 === Societal Impact and Ethics ===
 [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/02/world-economic-forum-automation-create-jobs-employment-robots Here’s why robots are actually going to increase human employment] <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://clawar.org/icres2023/ International Conference Series on Robot Ethics and Standards] <BR>
+[https://clawar.org/icres2023/ International Conference Series on Robot Ethics and Standards] <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20210701125353/https://epsrc.ukri.org/research/ourportfolio/themes/engineering/activities/principlesofrobotics/ Principles of Robotics] <BR>
+[https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20210701125353/https://epsrc.ukri.org/research/ourportfolio/themes/engineering/activities/principlesofrobotics/ Principles of Robotics] <BR>
 === STEM Education ===
@@ Line 596: / Line 711: @@
 [https://tech-labs.com/products/stem-robotics-education Tech-Labs] STEM Robotics Education <BR>
 [https://www.steamconnection.org/ The Steam Connection] building the future, one robot at a time <BR>
+[https://coderina.org/first-programs/ Coderina] Engaging Youth in STEM Exploration with FIRST® LEGO® League <BR>
+[https://www.facebook.com/p/Keza-Education-Future-Lab-100076079992000/ Keza Education Future Lab] for kids aged 3 to 14 <BR>
+[http://creativity.rw/ Creativity Lab] STEM education using robots <BR>
+[https://www.linkedin.com/posts/giz-rwanda_expression-of-interest-activity-7143160663555702784-ibzY/ Design Challenge: Call for proposals to design a robotics program and toolkit to be implemented in Rwandan school curricula] and the resultant [https://www.linkedin.com/posts/rwandaict_nationalroboticsprogram-activity-7240653764871782400-WX0Z/ pilot program] with a post on [https://x.com/RwandaICT/status/1834888620534104561 X]<BR>
+[https://foundation.ghanarobotics.org/ Ghana Robotics Academy Foundation] <BR>
 === Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ===
@@ Line 601: / Line 721: @@
 === Vision-Language-Action Models ===
-(Also see [[#Large_Language_Models|Large Language Models]] and [[#Limitations_of_AI|Limitations of AI]])
+(Also see [[#Foundation_Models:_Large_Language_Models_.26_Multimodal_Models|Foundation Models: Large Language Models & Multimodal_Models]] and [[#Limitations_of_AI|Limitations of AI]])
 [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2023/02/ChatGPT___Robotics.pdf ChatGPT for Robotics: Design Principles and Model Abilities] Microsoft article <BR>
@@ Line 610: / Line 730: @@
 [https://robotics-transformer2.github.io/ RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models] RT-2 website <BR>
 [https://www.deepmind.com/blog/rt-2-new-model-translates-vision-and-language-into-action RT-2: New model translates vision and language into action] Google DeepMind Blog <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/scaling-up-learning-across-many-different-robot-types/ RT-X: Scaling up learning across many different robot types] <BR>
+[https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/scaling-up-learning-across-many-different-robot-types/ RT-X: Scaling up learning across many different robot types] <BR>
 [https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.01691 Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordances] arXiv article on SayCan<BR>
 [https://say-can.github.io/ Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordances] SayCan website <BR>
@@ Line 616: / Line 736: @@
 [https://robotics-transformer-x.github.io/ Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models] Open X-Embodiment Website <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq_DcZ_xc_E Using an LLM to direct our robot Digit] Agility Robotics video <BR>
-[https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.07843 Foundation Models in Robotics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future] <BR>
+[https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.07843 Foundation Models in Robotics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future by Firoozi et al. on ArXiV] and now in the [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02783649241281508 International Journal of Robotics Research 2024]<BR>
 [https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00055 LEAP: LLM-Generation of Egocentric Action Programs]<BR>
+[https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.14379 Robot Learning in the Era of Foundation Models: A Survey] arXiv article  <BR>
+[https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08782 Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis] arXiv article <BR>
+[https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00862-2 Will generative AI transform robotics?] Nature Machine Intelligence <BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.aea7390 Good old-fashioned engineering can close the 100,000-year “data gap” in robotics] Ken Goldberg, Science Robotics <BR>
+== Self-Organization and Emergence ==
+[https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-information-theory-of-life-20151119/ The Information Theory of Life] <BR>
+[https://complexityexplained.github.io/ Complexity Explained]<BR>
+[https://www.complexity-explorables.org/ Complexity Explorables] <BR>
 == Software Engineering ==
+[https://karpathy.medium.com/software-2-0-a64152b37c35 Software 2.0] a blog by Andrej Karpathy (it's from 2017, but still worth reading) <BR>
 [https://www.google.rw/books/edition/Programming_Challenges/NN8J9xId7gkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover Programming Challenges] by Steven Skiena and Miguel Revilla. [http://acm.cs.buap.mx/downloads/Programming_Challenges.pdf .] [https://onlinejudge.org/index.php?option=com_onlinejudge&Itemid=8 Online Judge] <BR>
 [http://paulgraham.com/index.html Paul Graham's website] ... go here if you want to challenge and change your views on programming, Lisp, and life (start with the [http://paulgraham.com/articles.html essays]).<BR>
@@ Line 644: / Line 775: @@
 == Tutorials ==
-[[AI Act Tutorial]], prepared by [https://www.ru.nl/en/people/hildebrandt-m Mireille Hildebrandt], Radboud University, for the [[#HumanE-AI-net | HumanE-AI-net]] European Network of Human-centered Artificial Intelligence.
-<BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDMsr9K-rj53DwVRMYO3t5Yr 3Blue1Brown: The Essence of Calculus]  <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aircAruvnKk 3Blue1Brown: But what is a neural network? | Chapter 1, Deep learning] <BR>
@@ Line 655: / Line 784: @@
 [http://ep.yimg.com/ty/cdn/paulgraham/acl2.txt Lisp Tutorial] (Chapter 2 of [http://www.paulgraham.com/acl.html ANSI Common Lisp] by Paul Graham) <BR>
 [https://automatetheboringstuff.com/#toc Automate the Boring Stuff]: introduction to Python <BR>
-[http://schneider.ncifcrf.gov/paper/primer/ Information Theory Primer] <BR>
+[http://www.r-bloggers.com/what-does-a-data-scientist-do/ What does a data scientist do?]<br>
-[http://cs.brown.edu/research/ai/pomdp/tutorial/index.html POMDPs for Dummies]
+[http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/12.html Why Model?]<BR>
-<br>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYPapE-3FRw Feynman on the Scientific Method]<BR>
-[http://www.r-bloggers.com/what-does-a-data-scientist-do/ What does a data scientist do?]
+[https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Bayes/bnintro.html#appl A brief introduction to graphical models and Bayesian networks]<BR>
-<br>
+[http://saliency.mit.edu/ECCVTutorial/ECCV_saliency.htm Visual attention: new directions in saliency research]<BR>
-[http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/12.html Why Model?]
+[https://brilliant.org/wiki/poisson-distribution/ The Poisson distribution] and [https://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/poisson/problems.html Poisson distribution problems]<BR>
-<BR>
+[https://developer.ibm.com/articles/cc-beginner-guide-machine-learning-ai-cognitive/ A Beginner's Guide to Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Cognitive Computing]<BR>
-[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYPapE-3FRw Feynman on the Scientific Method]
+[https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/iot-deep-learning-anomaly-detection-1/ Introducing Deep Learning and Long Short-Term Memory Networks]<BR>
-<BR>
+[https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/iot-deep-learning-anomaly-detection-5/ Using Keras and TensorFlow for Anomaly Detection] (including the use of LSTM)<BR>
-[https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Bayes/bnintro.html#appl A brief introduction to graphical models and Bayesian networks]
+[https://towardsdatascience.com/illustrated-guide-to-lstms-and-gru-s-a-step-by-step-explanation-44e9eb85bf21 Illustrated guide to LSTMs and GRUs: a step by step explanation]<BR>
-<BR>
+[http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Understanding-LSTMs/ Understanding LSTMs]<BR>
-[http://saliency.mit.edu/ECCVTutorial/ECCV_saliency.htm Visual attention: new directions in saliency research]
+[http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/ The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks]<BR>
-<BR>
+[https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo/ Neural Network Zoo] from Fjodor van Veen, The Asimov Institute<BR>
-[https://brilliant.org/wiki/poisson-distribution/ The Poisson distribution] and [https://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/poisson/problems.html Poisson distribution problems]
+[https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo-prequel-cells-layers/ Neural Network Zoo Prequel: Cells and Layers] with more detail on how each cell type works<BR>
-<BR>
+[https://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/ The Illustrated Transformer] by Jay Alammar<BR>
-[https://developer.ibm.com/articles/cc-beginner-guide-machine-learning-ai-cognitive/ A Beginner's Guide to Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Cognitive Computing]
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0eN_FhEBzs TrinketIO: How to Embed a Python Interpreter in Your Website?] <BR>
-<BR>
-[https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/iot-deep-learning-anomaly-detection-1/ Introducing Deep Learning and Long Short-Term Memory Networks]
-<BR>
-[https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/iot-deep-learning-anomaly-detection-5/ Using Keras and TensorFlow for Anomaly Detection] (including the use of LSTM)
-<BR>
-[https://towardsdatascience.com/illustrated-guide-to-lstms-and-gru-s-a-step-by-step-explanation-44e9eb85bf21 Illustrated guide to LSTMs and GRUs: a step by step explanation]
-<BR>
-[http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Understanding-LSTMs/ Understanding LSTMs]
-<BR>
-[http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/ The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks]
-<BR>
-[https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo/ Neural Network Zoo] from Fjodor van Veen, The Asimov Institute
-<BR>
-[https://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo-prequel-cells-layers/ Neural Network Zoo Prequel: Cells and Layers] with more detail on how each cell type works
-<BR>
-[https://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/ The Illustrated Transformer] by Jay Alammar
-<BR>
 == Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology ==
@@ Line 701: / Line 813: @@
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCNuPcf8L00 Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech] Not specifically science, engineering, and technology, but a brilliant riposte to misogynistic attitudes and gender bias, in general <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIImpjmAq8PkEY60GZAjxw Levers in Heels] Bringing visibility to African women in STEM <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MWBSSKtnBM Life in The Largest Urban Slum | Delphine Nyaboke | TEDxKigali Women] An inspirational TEDx talk by an engineer triumphed against all the odds<BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MWBSSKtnBM Life in The Largest Urban Slum | Delphine Nyaboke | TEDxKigali Women] An inspirational TEDx talk by an engineer who triumphed despite the odds ... and yet, she still faces ongoing challenges, as do all her compatriots<BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/aug/08/why-are-there-so-few-women-in-tech-the-truth-behind-the-google-memo On the gender gap in technology] (read the last four paragraphs if you're short of time)<BR>
 [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jun/16/the-five-unsung-female-scientists-overlook-credit-stolen-jean-purdy The five: unsung female scientists] <BR>
@@ Line 708: / Line 820: @@
 [https://sites.google.com/andrew.cmu.edu/the-no-excuses-list/home The No Excuses List] Women Faculty in Robotics <BR>
-==  Writing - Grammar, Composition, Style ==
+==  Writing ==
-[https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/HyphensEnDashesEmDashes/faq0138.html Axes]: set the X, Y, and Z in capitals and italics, and use a hyphen.<BR>
+=== Composition ===
-[https://helenlewis.substack.com/p/the-bluestocking-on-writing The Bluestocking: On Writing] <BR>
+[https://leadingwithquestions.com/personal-growth/is-this-the-best-you-can-do-henry-kissinger-on-work-ethic/ Henry Kissinger: "Is this the best you can do?"] On the importance of exhaustive revision<BR>
-[https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/03/title-case-and-sentence-case-capitalization-in-apa-style.HTML Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style] <BR>
+[http://www.openculture.com/2013/02/seven_tips_from_ernest_hemingway_on_how_to_write_fiction.html Seven tips from Ernest Hemingway on how to write fiction] Also useful for writing dissertations<BR>
-[https://www.latimes.com/socal/burbank-leader/news/tn-blr-xpm-2006-08-16-blr-aword16-story.html On dangling prepositions and rules "up with which I will not put"] (here is the [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001715.html Benjamin G. Zimmer article] on the quotation)<BR>
+[https://helenlewis.substack.com/p/the-bluestocking-on-writing The Bluestocking: On Writing] Helen’s Big Rules of Writing<BR>
-[https://leadingwithquestions.com/personal-growth/is-this-the-best-you-can-do-henry-kissinger-on-work-ethic/ Henry Kissinger: "Is this the best you can do?"] <BR>
+An example of inspirational writing: [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-of-j-k-rowling-speech/ The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination] 2008 Harvard Commencement Address by J. K. Rowling, the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHGqp8lz36c video], and the [https://www.jkrowling.com/book/very-good-lives Very Good Lives] book <BR>
-[http://orwell.ru/library/others/style/english/estyle The Elements of Style] <BR>
+An example of inspirational writing: [https://home.dartmouth.edu/news/2024/06/2024-commencement-address-roger-federer 2024 Dartmouth Commencement Address by Roger Federer] and a [https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6414410/2025/06/10/roger-federer-viral-commencement-speech/ commentary in the New York Times]<BR>
-[https://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/index.html Link Grammar] a syntactic parser for the Link grammar of English, with a neat interactive sentence parser that identifies the parts of speech. <BR>
+[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/08/salman-rushdie-peace-freedom-barbie-myths-fables An example of great narrative writing]: 'The good guys don’t always win': Salman Rushdie on peace, Barbie, and what freedom cost him. <BR>
+[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/advanced-information/ An example of great technical writing]: Scientific Background: The Brain’s Navigational Place and Grid Cell System ([http://www.nobelprizemedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Scintific-background_2014.pdf  pdf])<BR>
 [https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Threes-Power-Three-Writing/dp/1877673676 Thinking in Threes: The Power of Three in Writing]<BR>
 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(writing) The Rule of Three in Writing]<BR>
-[http://www.openculture.com/2013/02/seven_tips_from_ernest_hemingway_on_how_to_write_fiction.html Seven tips from Ernest Hemingway on how to write fiction (also useful for writing theses)]<BR>
+Brevity: "I have made this longer than usual because I have not had time to make it shorter", Blaise Pascal, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettres_provinciales Lettres Provinciales], Lettre XVI; also see [https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/04/28/shorter-letter/ here] and [https://www.quora.com/Who-wrote-the-quote-If-I-had-more-time-I-would-have-written-you-a-shorter-letter here] for details, and [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=769385 here] for variations on the theme. <BR>
+[https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/different-genres/white-papers White Papers] and how to write them <BR>
+[https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-satire What is satire?] Comprehensive explanation with very helpful examples.<BR>
+=== Style ===
+[http://orwell.ru/library/others/style/english/estyle The Elements of Style] <BR>
+[http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/dvm/papers/pedant.txt Rules of English Style] by [https://cpsc.yale.edu/people/drew-mcdermott Drew McDermott]<BR>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(symbol) Using the prime symbol to designate units]<BR>
+[https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html SI Unit rules and style conventions]<BR>
 [https://www.grammarbook.com/numbers/numbers.asp Writing Numbers]<BR>
 [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Abbreviations/faq0095.html 5 am or 5 a.m.] The Chicago Manual of Style on how to write abbreviations for ''ante meridiem'' (before noon) and ''post meridiem'' (after noon).<BR>
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(symbol) Using the prime symbol to designate units]<BR>
+[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neither#:~:text=Is%20it%20'neither%20is'%20or,those%20are%20going%20to%20work.%22 Is it 'neither is' or 'neither are'?]<BR>
-[https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html SI Unit rules and style conventions]<BR>
+[https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/03/title-case-and-sentence-case-capitalization-in-apa-style.HTML Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style] <BR>
+[https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/HyphensEnDashesEmDashes/faq0138.html Axes]: set the X, Y, and Z in capitals and italics, and use a hyphen.<BR>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_spelling Oxford Spelling] and why using "-ize" rather than "-ise" is correct, even in British English. <BR>
+[https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/beg-the-question#:~:text=Begging%20the%20question%20means%20%22to,phrase%20itself%20comes%20from%20a To Beg the question] explained (and why one should avoid phrases with esoteric or ambiguous meanings, even when used correctly)<BR>
+=== Grammar ===
+[https://portlandenglish.edu/blog/difference-gerund-present-participle/ Clear explanation of the difference between the gerund and the present participle], i.e. words ending in "-ing"<BR>
+[https://www.latimes.com/socal/burbank-leader/news/tn-blr-xpm-2006-08-16-blr-aword16-story.html On dangling prepositions and rules "up with which I will not put"] (here is the [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001715.html Benjamin G. Zimmer article] on the quotation)<BR>
+[https://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/index.html Link Grammar] a syntactic parser for the Link grammar of English, with a neat interactive sentence parser that identifies the parts of speech. <BR>
+=== Punctuation ===
 [https://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/commas.asp Punctuation rules: commas]; also see Section 2 in [http://orwell.ru/library/others/style/english/estyle The Elements of Style]
 <BR>
 [https://getproofed.com.au/writing-tips/should-footnote-markers-go-after-the-punctuation/ Footnote markers are placed after the punctuation mark] <BR>
-[https://portlandenglish.edu/blog/difference-gerund-present-participle/ Clear explanation of the difference between the gerund and the present participle], i.e. words ending in "-ing"<BR>
-[http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/dvm/papers/pedant.txt Rules of English Style] by [https://cpsc.yale.edu/people/drew-mcdermott Drew McDermott]<BR>
-[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/advanced-information/ An example of great technical writing]: Scientific Background: The Brain’s Navigational Place and Grid Cell System ([http://www.nobelprizemedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Scintific-background_2014.pdf  pdf])<BR>
-[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/08/salman-rushdie-peace-freedom-barbie-myths-fables An example of great narrative writing]:
-'The good guys don’t always win': Salman Rushdie on peace, Barbie and what freedom cost him. <BR>
-"I have made this longer than usual because I have not had time to make it shorter", Blaise Pascal, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettres_provinciales Lettres Provinciales], Lettre XVI; also see [https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/04/28/shorter-letter/ here] and [https://www.quora.com/Who-wrote-the-quote-If-I-had-more-time-I-would-have-written-you-a-shorter-letter here] for details, and [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=769385 here] for variations on the theme. <BR>
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_spelling Oxford Spelling] and why using "-ize" rather than "-ise" is correct, even in British English. <BR>
-[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-of-j-k-rowling-speech/ Example of Inspirational Writing: the text of J. K. Rowling's "Very Good Lives"] - the [https://www.jkrowling.com/book/very-good-lives book] and the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHGqp8lz36c Video]. <BR>
-[https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/beg-the-question#:~:text=Begging%20the%20question%20means%20%22to,phrase%20itself%20comes%20from%20a To Beg the question] explained (and why one should avoid phrases with esoteric or ambiguous meanings, even when used correctly)
-<BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-satire What is satire?] Comprehensive explanation with very helpful examples.
 ==  Writing - The Benefits of Taking Handwritten Notes ==
@@ Line 751: / Line 871: @@
 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130315075433/http://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/administ.htm Administratium] <BR>
 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophenia Apophenia] <BR>
+[https://www.armandhammer.com/en/articles/baking-soda-vs-baking-powder Baking Powder versus Baking Soda (Bicarbonate of Soda))] <BR>
 [https://batteryuniversity.com/ Battery University] <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCpXMy5GalI Bing Crosby & David Bowie] Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy duet <BR>
@@ Line 758: / Line 879: @@
 [https://www.cadmusjournal.org/files/pdfreprints/vol2issue1/reprint-cj-v2-i1-complex-vs-complicated-systems-rpoli.pdf Complicated vs. Complex] A Note on the Difference Between Complicated and Complex Social Systems by Roberto Poli <BR>
 [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51235105 Covid-19 pandemic: Tracking the global coronavirus outbreak] <BR>
-[https://ideal.com/diversity-equity-inclusion/ Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion] <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx6HojLBsnw Dilbert - The Knack] <BR>
 [https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2017/9/220429-divination-by-program-committee/fulltext Divination by Program Committee]  <BR>
@@ Line 764: / Line 884: @@
 [https://libguides.ala.org/filing-rules Filing Rules] for listing names beginning with Mc and Mac <BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLt47egKbdlqcUHUJ26vUvzS3ppuzLJV9n Flanders and Swann]<BR>
-[https://www.zenefits.com/workest/generations-in-the-workplace-boomers-gen-x-gen-y-and-gen-z-explained Generational Differences in the Workplace: Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z Explained]<BR>
+[https://www.trinet.com/insights/generations-in-the-workplace-boomers-gen-x-gen-y-and-gen-z-explained Generational Differences in the Workplace: Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z Explained]<BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRZGdvJQnPU Gyroscopic Precession] is Easier Than You Think!  <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRZGdvJQnPU Gyroscopic Precession] is Easier Than You Think!  <BR>
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/31/style/kilian-journet-states-of-elevation-14ers.html He Wants to Climb Nearly All of America’s Tallest Peaks. In a Month.] by Scott Cacciola  <BR>
 [https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/heilmeier-catechism Heilmeier's catechism for researchers] <BR>
 [https://spectrum.ieee.org/search/?q=history+of+technology History of Technology] articles from IEEE Spectrum <BR>
-[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/opinion/jk-rowling-transphobia.html In Defense of J.K. Rowling] (and read [https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-on-twitter-why-the-harry-potter-author-has-been-accused-of-transphobia-on-social-media-platforms-2877977 a full account of the controversy] by Rhona Shennan in the Scotsman)<BR>
+[[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/16/opinion/jk-rowling-transphobia.html In Defense of J.K. Rowling] (and read [https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-on-twitter-why-the-harry-potter-author-has-been-accused-of-transphobia-on-social-media-platforms-2877977 a full account of the controversy] by Rhona Shennan in the Scotsman), and a more recent [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/apr/18/jk-rowling-harry-potter-gender-critical-campaigner update]  by Caroline Davies in The Guardian<BR>
 [http://xkcd.com/1185/ Ineffective Sorts] <BR>
+[https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-shortening-winters-day-is-near-a-close-102509 The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close] Joseph Farquharson (1846–1935);
+also see [https://artuk.org/discover/curations/joseph-farquharson-snow-sheep-and-sun Joseph Farquharson: Snow, sheep and sun]<BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCNuPcf8L00 Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech] <BR>
 [https://masterplan2020.kigalicity.gov.rw/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=218a2e3088064fc6b13198b4304f3d35/ Kigali Master Plan 2020]<BR>
 [https://www.lesswrong.com/ Less Wrong] A website dedicated to rationality. <BR>
-[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXlfXirQF3A Lobachevsky] by Tom Lehrer (also read [[File:new.jpg]] [https://www.theguardian.com/music/article/2024/may/22/my-songs-spread-like-herpes-why-did-satirical-genius-tom-lehrer-swap-worldwide-fame-for-obscurity ‘My songs spread like herpes’: why did satirical genius Tom Lehrer swap worldwide fame for obscurity?]) <BR>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_condiments List of condiments] <BR>
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXlfXirQF3A Lobachevsky] by Tom Lehrer (also read [https://www.theguardian.com/music/article/2024/may/22/my-songs-spread-like-herpes-why-did-satirical-genius-tom-lehrer-swap-worldwide-fame-for-obscurity ‘My songs spread like herpes’: why did satirical genius Tom Lehrer swap worldwide fame for obscurity?]) <BR>
 [https://www.makerbeam.com/ MakerBeam] very neat kits that use 1 cm and 1.5 cm extruded aluminium for building mechanical frames for any purpose <BR>
 [https://www.markdownguide.org Markdown Guide]<BR>
@@ Line 783: / Line 907: @@
 [https://slidehunter.com/ Slide Hunter] Free PowerPoint Presentation Templates<BR>
 [https://www.presentationgo.com/ Presentation Go] Free PowerPoint Presentation Templates <BR>
+[https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/ Presidential Actions] aka Executive Orders; [https://aplu-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/APLU-Overview-of-Trump-EOs.pdf Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) Overview of President Trump's Executive Orders]<BR>
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tas0O586t80 Program in C] The Little Mermaid <BR>
 [https://online2pdf.com/reduce-pdf-file-size# Reduce PDF File Size] <BR>
@@ Line 806: / Line 931: @@
 [https://commonslibrary.org/the-intertwine-charter-going-beyond-anti-discrimination-and-towards-pro-active-change-to-welcome-others/ The Intertwine Charter: Going beyond anti-discrimination and towards pro-active change to welcome others] <BR>
 [https://uxdesign.cc/the-knowns-and-unknowns-framework-for-design-thinking-6537787de2c5 The knowns and unknowns framework for design thinking] <BR>
-[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-limits-of-quantum-computers/ The Limits of Quantum Computers]<BR>
 [http://thepointmag.com/ The Point Magazine] <BR>
 [https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/2234/the-story-behind-apollo-8s-famous-earthrise-photo/ The story behind the Apollo 8 Earthrise photo] <BR>
@@ Line 816: / Line 940: @@
 [https://askubuntu.com/questions/345083/how-do-i-disable-automatic-remote-printer-installation How to disable automatic remote printer installation on Ubuntu] <BR>
 [http://setosa.io/#/ Visual explanations] <BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winprog/windows-data-types Windows data types]<BR>
+[https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winprog/windows-data-types Windows data types]<BR>
-[[File:new.jpg]] [https://github.com/tpn/winsdk-7/blob/master/v7.1A/Include/Windows.h Windows include files], e.g., windows.h<BR>
+[https://github.com/tpn/winsdk-7/blob/master/v7.1A/Include/Windows.h Windows include files], e.g., windows.h<BR>
 [https://globalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu/what-is-global-south What / Where is the Global South?] <BR>
+[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/22/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-15-possible-answers-from-a-palliative-care-doctor-a-holocaust-survivor-a-jail-inmate-and-more What is the meaning of life? 15 possible answers – from a palliative care doctor, a Holocaust survivor, a jail inmate and more] <BR>
+[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2025/jan/14/switching-smartphone-for-dumbphone-guide You don’t need a smartphone: a practical, personal guide to downgrading your device]<BR>

Difference between revisions of "Links"

Latest revision as of 06:58, 19 November 2025

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